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19 th c. China

19 th c. China. Theme: Qing (1644-1911) in decline. Western encroachment internal dissent. Manchuria. Opium Wars (1839-42, 1856-60). Who participated? What was the cause? What was the outcome?. French cartoon, late 1890s

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19 th c. China

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  1. 19th c. China

  2. Theme: Qing (1644-1911) in decline • Western encroachment • internal dissent Manchuria

  3. Opium Wars (1839-42, 1856-60) • Who participated? • What was the cause? • What was the outcome?

  4. French cartoon, late 1890s • While a Mandarin official helplessly looks on, "China" as a pie is about to be "carved up" by: • Queen Victoria (GB) • Wilhelm II (Germany) • Nicholas II (Russia) • Marieanne (France) • Meiji Emperor (Japan)

  5. Taiping Rebellion (1850-1864) • Causes: • Hong’s vision • Poverty of peasants • Poor gov’t: high taxes, poor gov’t services • Goal: Overthrow the Manchus • Outcome: rebellion crushed

  6. Empress Dowager Ci Xi, regent 1861-1908

  7. Leader: Hong Xiuquan • A middle class Hakka Chinese • Failed competitive test to enter the civil service for a 3rd time in 1836 • Had a nervous breakdown accompanied by visions

  8. Vision I • An old man tells Hong that men are worshipping demons instead of him. • Hong believes this is God the Father

  9. Vision II • He sees Confucius being tortured for his lack of faith in God.

  10. Vision III • Hong is carried to Heaven by angels. • A man with a long golden beard in black robe embroidered with dragons gives him a sword and a magic seal and tells him to purify China of demons. • He believes this was his older brother Jesus. • His family claims that after this he became taller and filled with authority.

  11. Vision IV • An old woman washes the filth of the world from his body. • A group of old men remove his internal organs and replace them with new heavenly organs.

  12. The God Worshippers • Converts many of the poor Hakka charcoal burners in Guangxi • He and his growing cult engage in iconoclasm throughout the region • He translates the Bible and gains more followers • By 1850 he has over 30,000 followers and war begins.

  13. Reforms of the “Heavenly Kingdom” • Women equal to men (no foot binding; women can serve in govt & army) • Property held in common • No opium, tobacco, alcohol, polygamy, gambling, prostitution

  14. At their height Taipings control ¼ China, 600 major cities • Huge armies threaten to end the Qing Dynasty

  15. Events of the 1800s 1839-42, 1856-60 Opium Wars 1842 Treaty of Nanjing 1858/1860 Treaties of Tianjin 1850-1864 Taiping Rebellion 1878 Ci Xi becomes regent for nephew Guangxu 1894-1895 Sino-Japanese War ↓ Spheres of Influence 1898 Hundred Days of Reform 1899 US Open Door Policy

  16. Events of the early 1900s 1900 Boxer Rebellion 1905 Commission to study constitution formed 1905 Sun Yat-sen forms Revolutionary Alliance “Three People’s Principles” of: • Nationalism – free China from foreign domination • Democracy – representative government • People’s Livelihood – economic security for all Chinese 1908 Deaths of Cixi and Guangxu  “last emperor” (Henry Puyi) was an infant 1911 Revolution overthrows Qing & established republic

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