A New Industrial Age

1. A New Industrial Age Chapter 6 US History – Honors

2. Section 1 Targets: • By the end of this lesson, I will be able to: • 1. Explain how the abundance of natural resources, new recovery and refining methods, and new uses for them led to intensive industrialization. • 2. Identify inventions that changed the way people lived and worked.

3. Section 1:The Expansion of Industry: Main Idea: At the end of the 19th century, natural resources, creative ideas, and growing markets fueled an industrial boom. Why it Matters Now: Technological developments of the late 19th century paved the way for the continued growth of American Industry. Key Terms: Bessemer Process Key Names: Edwin L. Drake Thomas Alva Edison Christopher Sholes Alexander Graham Bell

4. Black Gold: • In 1859, Edwin Drake used a steam engine to drill for oil • This breakthrough started an oil boom in the Midwest and later Texas • At first the process was limited to transforming the oil into kerosene and throwing out the gasoline -- a by-product of the process • Later, the gasoline was used for cars

5. 15 How do you feel today? • GREAT • I’m Here • ICK! • History is AWESOME!

6. Bessemer Steel Process: • Oil was not the only valuable natural resource • Coal and iron were plentiful within the U.S. • When you removed the carbon from iron by injecting air into the molten iron, the result was a lighter, more flexible and rust resistant compound – Steel • The Bessemer process did just that (Henry Bessemer & William Kelly) BESSEMER CONVERTOR CIRCA 1880

7. New Uses For Steel: • The railroads, with thousands of miles of track, were the biggest customers for steel • Other uses emerged: barbed wire, farm equipment (plow), bridge construction (Brooklyn Bridge- 1883),and the first skyscrapers Brooklyn Bridge: NYC

8. New Inventions Spur Industry: • Can you imagine living in a time when the following inventions were created? • 1. Electricity (how would we live without it now?) • 2. Telephone (no text messaging yet) • 3. Typewriter (before this everything was written by hand)

9. Electricity: Edison • 1876- Thomas Alva Edison established the world’s first research lab in New Jersey • There Edison perfected the incandescent light bulb in 1880 • Later he invented an entire system for producing and distributing electricity • By 1890, electricity powered numerous machines including streetcars “One percent inspiration and 99 percent perspiration.”

10. The Typewriter: • Christopher Sholes invented the typewriter in 1867 • His invention forever affected office work and paperwork • It also opened many new jobs for women • 1870: Women made up less than 5% of workforce 1910: They made up 40% This is the time period when secretary jobs were primarily held by women….has this changed much?

11. The Telephone: • Another important invention of the late 19th century was the telephone • Alexander Graham Bell and Thomas Watson unveiled their invention in 1876 • By 1915 coast-to- coast phone service began paving the way for world telecommunications

12. 15 Which of the following devices could you live without? • Cell Phone • Ipod • TV • Computer

13. How did inventions change American society? • Factory work replaced jobs that had been previously done at home (EX: sewing clothes) • Demand for laborers (Usually working long hours in unsanitary conditions) • Consumer power • Creation of Advertising/Marketing jobs

14. Section 2: Targets • By the end of this lesson, I will be able to: • 1. Identify the role of the railroads in unifying the country. • 2. List positive and negative effects of railroads on the nation’s economy. • 3. Summarize reasons for, and outcomes of, the demand for railroad reform.

15. Section 2: The Age of the Railroads: Main Idea: The growth and consolidation of railroads benefited the nation but also led to corruption and required government regulation. Why it Matters Now: Railroads made possible the expansion of industry across the United States. Key Terms: Transcontinental Railroad Credit Mobilier Munn vs. Illinois Interstate Commerce Act Key Names: George M. Pullman

16. Before We Start: Story Time!!! • The year is 1863 and railroad construction is booming. In six years, the U.S. will be linked by rail from coast to coast. Central Pacific Railroad employs mainly Chinese immigrants to blast tunnels, lay track, and drive spikes, all for low wages……

17. Railroads: Ideals v. Reality • IDEALS: • Adventure • Fresh Start • Land Ownership • REALITY: • Horrible working conditions • Disease • Death

18. A National Network: • By 1869, tracks had been laid across the continent (Golden Spike- Utah) • Immigrants from China and Ireland and out-of-work Civil War vets provided most of the difficult labor • Thousands lost their lives and tens of thousands were injured laying track

19. Discussion Questions: Turn and Talk: • 1. What dangers do you think the railroad workers will encounter? (Phineas Gage) • 2. How will businesses and the general public benefit from the transcontinental railroad? • 3. How might railroad construction affect the environment? • 4. What are the pros and cons of railroad expansion?

20. Phineas Gage • Phineas Gage • Railroad blasting accident severed the frontal lobes from the limbic system

21. Worker Discrimination • White men would earn $40-$60 and worked a ten hour day. • Chinese worked from dawn until dusk and earned $35 a month. • 1866 Chinese workers were carving their way through a granite mountain and became trapped by 40 feet of snow on all sides. Five months later workers were found with their tools frozen in their hands.

22. Which of the following is NOT true in regards to railroad work? • It was dangerous • There was rampant discrimination especially against the Chinese. • Disease was a problem • The pay was adequate for the type of work that was being done.

23. Railroad and Time: • Before 1883, each community still operated on its own time • For example: Noon in Boston was 12 minutes later than noon in New York City • Indiana had dozens of different times • No standard time reference • WHAT PROBLEM(S) WOULD THIS CREATE?

24. Professor Dowd Creates Time Zones: • In 1869, to remedy this problem, Professor C.F. Dowd proposed dividing the earth into 24 time zones • The U.S. would be divided into 4 zones: the eastern, Central, Mountain, and Pacific • 1883 – Railroads synchronized their watches across U.S. • 1884 – International Conference adopts zones • US Congress did not adopt this as the official time until 1918

25. THE WORLD IS DIVIDED INTO 24 TIME ZONES

26. THE UNITED STATES IS DIVIDED INTO 4 TIME ZONES

27. Railroads Spur Other Industries: • The rapid growth of the railroad industry influenced the iron, coal, steel, lumber, and glass businesses as they tried to keep up with the railroads demand for materials • The spread of the railroads also led to the growth of towns, new markets, and opportunity for profiteers • It also linked isolated communities together

28. Railroads Led to Growth of Cities: • Many of today’s major cities owe their legacy to the railroad • Chicago, Minneapolis, Denver, and Seattle all grew up thanks to the railroad Denver – The Mile High City

30. Pullman: A Factory and A Town • In 1880, George Pullman built a factory for manufacturing sleepers and other railroad cars in Illinois • The nearby town Pullman built for his employees was modeled after early industrial European towns • Pullman workers felt his puritanical town was too strict • Pullman wanted a stable workforce that he could control in and out of the workplace • When he lowered wages but not rent – it led to a violent strike in 1894 (The lowered wages were a result of 1893 panic) I think he pulls off this look quite well….sorry

31. 25 How would you feel about living in a company sponsored town? • I like when people make decisions for me. • It would have some advantages like guaranteed housing • I don’t like having others control my private life. • Yikes…it is my worst nightmare!

32. 25 How was your weekend? • Excellent…I watched the History Channel! • Super… I read a history related book. • Cool…I re-enacted history battles. • Terrific…I wrote a history essay!

33. Section 3:Targets • By the end of the lesson, I will be able to: • 1. Identify management and business strategies that contributed to the success of business tycoons such as Andrew Carnegie. • 2. Explain Social Darwinism and its effects on society. • 3. Summarize the emergence and growth of unions. • 4. Explain the violent reactions of industry and government to union strikes.

34. Section 3: Big Business and Labor Main Idea: The expansion of industry resulted in the growth of big business and prompted laborers to form unions to better their lives. Why it Matters Now: Many of the strategies used today in industry and in the labor movement, such as striking, have their origins in the late 19th century. Terms: Vertical integration and horizontal consolidation Social Darwinism Sherman Antitrust Act American Federation of Labor (AFL) Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) Names: Andrew Carnegie John D. Rockefeller Samuel Gompers Eugene V. Debs Mary Harris Jones

35. Section 3: Big Business and Labor • Andrew Carnegie was one of the first industrial moguls • He entered the steel industry in 1873 • By 1899, the Carnegie Steel Company manufactured more steel than all the factories in Great Britain combined Carnegie Mellon University

36. Carnegie Business Practices: • Carnegie initiated many new business practices such as; • Searching for ways to make better products more cheaply • Accounting systems to track expenses • Attracting quality people by offering them stock & benefits ANDREW CARNEGIE 1835 -1919

37. Carnegie’s Vertical Integration: • Carnegie attempted to control as much of the steel industry as possible • How? Vertical integration; he bought out his suppliers (coal fields, iron mines, ore freighters, and rail lines) in order to control materials and transportation

38. Horizontal Consolidation: • Additionally, Carnegie bought up the competition through friendly and hostile takeovers • This is known as Horizontal Consolidation; buying companies that produce similar products – in this case other steel companies • By 1901 he produced 80% of the nation’s steel

39. Business Growth and Consolidation • Mergers could result in a monopoly (Trust) • A monopoly is complete control over an industry • An example of consolidation: In 1870, Rockefeller Standard Oil Company owned 2% of the country’s crude oil • By 1880 – it controlled 90% of U.S. crude oil

40. Social Darwinism: • The philosophy known as Social Darwinism has its origins in Darwin’s theory of evolution • Darwin theorized that some individuals in a species flourish and pass their traits on while others do not • Social Darwinists (like Herbert Spencer) believed riches was a sign of God’s favor, and being poor was a sign of inferiority and laziness Charles Darwin LIMITED HIS FINDINGS TO THE ANIMAL WORLD Herbert Spencer COINED THE PHRASE “SURVIVAL OF THE FITTEST”

41. Laissez-Faire Economics • Theory based on the French term “allow to do” • The marketplace should not be interfered with by the government through the use of regulations • Basically: The more competition the better!

42. Robber Barons: • Alarmed at the cut-throat tactics of industrialists, critics began to call them “Robber Barons” (based on European feudalism) • Famous “Robber Barons” included Carnegie, Rockefeller, Vanderbilt, Stanford, and J.P. Morgan (pictured)

43. Robber Barons Were Generous Too: • Despite being labeled as greedy barons, rich industrialists did have a generous side • When very rich people give away lots of money it is called “Philanthropy” • Carnegie built libraries, Rockefeller, Leland Stanford, and Cornelius Vanderbilt built schools • Rockefeller and Carnegie gave an estimated $825 million dollars to the community ROCKEFELLER CHAPEL – UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO

44. Carnegie’s Gospel of Wealth • People should be allowed to earn as much money as possible without interference BUT… • People should also pass along money to worthy causes • In Carnegie’s case 90% of his wealth

45. :19 What do think about Carnegie’s “gospel of wealth”? • Totally agree • Somewhat agree • Somewhat disagree • Completely disagree.

46. Sherman Anti-Trust Act: • In 1890, the Sherman Anti-Trust Act made it illegal to form a monopoly (Trust) • Prosecuting companies under the Act was not easy – a business would simply reorganize into single companies to avoid prosecution (Instead of 1 giant Standard Oil, there would be many smaller versions) • Seven of eight cases brought before the Supreme Court were thrown out (Very difficult to enforce!)

47. Workers Had Poor Conditions: • Workers routinely worked 6 or 7 days a week, had no vacations, no sick leave, and no compensation for injuries, worked in unsanitary, poorly ventilated environments • Injuries were common – In 1882, an average of 675 workers were killed PER WEEKon the job • Men earned roughly $498 per year, women $269 and…Carnegie $23 MILLION

48. Labor Unions Emerge: • As conditions for laborers worsened, workers realized they needed to organize • The first large-scale national organization of workers was the National Labor Union in 1866 (William Sylvis) He encouraged to open membership to all people • The Colored National Labor Union followed when certain unions refused African-Americans to join

49. Craft Unions: • Craft Unions were unions of workers in a skilled trade • Samuel Gompers led the Cigar Makers’ International Union to join with other craft unions in 1886 • Gompers became president of the American Federation of Labor (AFL) • He focused on collective bargaining to improve conditions, wages and hours • Collective bargaining (group negotiations were used but strikes were also a popular tactic! • By 1915 the AFL won major victories in wages (17.50 to 24 dollars a week) and in hours (54.5 to 49 hours per week)

50. Industrial Unionism: • Some unions were formed with workers within a specific industry • Eugene Debs attempted this Industrial Union with the railway workers • In 1894, the new union won a strike for higher wages and at its peak had 150,000 members