A New Industrial Age

1. A New Industrial Age Chapter 6 US History – Honors Mr. Basich

2. Section 1 Objectives: • By the end of this lesson, I will be able to: • 1. Explain how the abundance of natural resources, new recovery and refining methods, and new uses for them led to intensive industrialization. • 2. Identify inventions that changed the way people lived and worked.

3. Section 1:The Expansion of Industry: Main Idea: At the end of the 19th century, natural resources, creative ideas, and growing markets fueled an industrial boom. Why it Matters Now: Technological developments of the late 19th century paved the way for the continued growth of American Industry. Key Terms: Bessemer Process Key Names: Edwin L. Drake Thomas Alva Edison Christopher Sholes Alexander Graham Bell

4. 30 0 :25 I think this group had the BEST commercial yesterday: • The Steel Group • The Typewriter Group • The Oil Group • The Telephone Group • The Light bulb Group

5. Before We Start: Story Time!!! • The year is 1863 and railroad construction is booming. In six years, the U.S. will be linked by rail from coast to coast. Central Pacific Railroad employs mainly Chinese immigrants to blast tunnels, lay track, and drive spikes, all for low wages……

6. Discussion Questions: Turn and Talk: • 1. What dangers do you think the railroad workers will encounter? (Phineas Gage) • 2. How will businesses and the general public benefit from the transcontinental railroad? • 3. How might railroad construction affect the environment? • 4. What are the pros and cons of railroad expansion?

7. Section 1: The Expansion of Industry: • After the Civil War (1865) the U.S. was still largely agriculture • By 1920, the U.S. was the leading industrial power in the world • This enormous growth was due to three factors; 1) Natural Resources 2) Governmental support 3) Urbanization

8. Black Gold: • In 1859, Edwin Drake used a steam engine to drill for oil • This breakthrough started an oil boom in the Midwest and later Texas • At first the process was limited to transforming the oil into kerosene and throwing out the gasoline -- a by-product of the process • Later, the gasoline was used for cars

9. 0 of 30 :25 Which of these was NOT a reason why the US was experiencing tremendous growth: • Natural Resources • Government support • The gold rush • Urbanization

10. Bessemer Steel Process: • Oil was not the only valuable natural resource • Coal and iron were plentiful within the U.S. • When you removed the carbon from iron, the result was a lighter, more flexible and rust resistant compound – Steel • The Bessemer process did just that (Henry Bessemer & William Kelly) BESSEMER CONVERTOR CIRCA 1880

11. 0 of 30 25 Why were iron and oil becoming more sought after? • They were new • They both were extremely easy to create • Both were able to be transformed into other more efficient commodities • None of the above

12. New Uses For Steel: • The railroads, with thousands of miles of track, were the biggest customers for steel • Other uses emerged: barbed wire, farm equipment, bridge construction (Brooklyn Bridge- 1883),and the first skyscrapers Brooklyn Bridge: NYC

13. 30 0 25 During this time period, which one was NOT a main use for steel: • Barbed Wire • Railroad tracks • Bridge Construction • Farm equipment • These were all main used for steel

14. New Inventions Spur Industry: • Can you imagine living in a time when the following inventions were created? • 1. Electricity (how would we live without it now?) • 2. Telephone (no text messaging yet) • 3. Typewriter (before this everything was written by hand)

15. Electricity: Edison • 1876- Thomas Alva Edison established the world’s first research lab in New Jersey • There Edison perfected the incandescent light bulb in 1880 • Later he invented an entire system for producing and distributing electricity • By 1890, electricity powered numerous machines “One percent inspiration and 99 percent perspiration.”

17. 25 0 of 30 Why do you think that the average person can relate so well with Edison? • Because he was smart • Because he tried and failed so often • Because he made lots of money • All of the above

18. The Typewriter: • Christopher Sholes invented the typewriter in 1867 • His invention forever affected office work and paperwork • It also opened many new jobs for women • 1870: Women made up less than 5% of workforce 1910: They made up 40% This is the time period when secretary jobs were primarily held by women….has this changed much?

19. The Telephone: • Another important invention of the late 19th century was the telephone • Alexander Graham Bell and Thomas Watson unveiled their invention in 1876

20. 25 0 of 30 In what ways do you think these new inventions changed the lifestyles of people living during this time period: • People became more efficient • People were able to communicated better • People were able to work more hours • All of the above could be true

21. Section 2: Objectives • By the end of this lesson, I will be able to: • 1. Identify the role of the railroads in unifying the country. • 2. List positive and negative effects of railroads on the nation’s economy. • 3. Summarize reasons for, and outcomes of, the demand for railroad reform.

22. Section 2: The Age of the Railroads: Main Idea: The growth and consolidation of railroads benefited the nation but also led to corruption and required government regulation. Why it Matters Now: Railroads made possible the expansion of industry across the United States. Key Terms: Transcontinental Railroad Credit Mobilier Munn vs. Illinois Interstate Commerce Act Key Names: George M. Pullman

23. 30 0 :25 I ate breakfast this morning: • Yes • No • I can’t remember

24. The Age of Railroads • The growth and consolidation of the railroad industry influenced many facets of American life • However, the unchecked power of the railroad companies led to widespread abuses and then reforms

26. A National Network: • By 1869, tracks had been laid across the continent (Golden Spike- Utah) • Immigrants from China and Ireland and out-of-work Civil War vets provided most of the difficult labor • Thousands lost their lives and tens of thousands were injured laying track

27. 0 of 30 :25 Which group provided most of the labor on the railroads? • Exodusters • White settlers • Immigrants • The railroad owners

28. Railroad and Time: • Before 1883, each community still operated on its own time • For example: Noon in Boston was 12 minutes later than noon in New York City • Indiana had dozens of different times • No standard time reference

29. Professor Dowd Creates Time Zones: • In 1869, to remedy this problem, Professor C.F. Dowd proposed dividing the earth into 24 time zones • The U.S. would be divided into 4 zones: the eastern, Central, Mountain, and Pacific • 1883 – Railroads synchronized their watches across U.S. • 1884 – International Conference adopts zones

30. 0 of 30 :25 Why was it necessary to have standard time zones? • Trains were never on time • People were confused about when to board • Business suffered because of trains being late and early • All of the above

31. THE WORLD IS DIVIDED INTO 24 TIME ZONES

32. THE UNITED STATES IS DIVIDED INTO 4 TIME ZONES

33. Railroads Spur Other Industries: • The rapid growth of the railroad industry influenced the iron, coal, steel, lumber, and glass businesses as they tried to keep up with the railroads demand for materials • The spread of the railroads also led to the growth of towns, new markets, and opportunity for profiteers

35. Railroads Led to Growth of Cities: • Many of today’s major cities owe their legacy to the railroad • Chicago, Minneapolis, Denver, and Seattle all grew up thanks to the railroad Denver – The Mile High City

36. :25 0 of 30 At this time, railroads led to the growth in all of the following areas EXCEPT: • Lumbering • Glass • Plane building • Coal • Steel

38. Pullman: A Factory and A Town • In 1880, George Pullman built a factory for manufacturing sleepers and other railroad cars in Illinois • The nearby town Pullman built for his employees was modeled after early industrial European towns • Pullman workers felt his puritanical town was too strict • When he lowered wages but not rent – it led to a violent strike in 1894 I think he pulls off this look quite well….sorry

39. 30 0 25 What was the main reason why people went on strike against Pullman? • His town was too small • He lowered wages and not rent • He did not allow people to have cars • All of the above

40. Credit Mobilier Scandal: • Stockholders of Union Pacific Railroad formed a construction company in 1864 • Stockholders then gave contracts to the company to lay track at 3 times the actual costs and pocketed the difference • They donated shares of the stock to 20 Republican members of Congress in 1867

41. The Grange and the Railroads: • Farmers were especially affected by corruption in the railroad industry • Grangers (a farmers organization) protested land deals, price fixing, and charging different rates to different customers • Granger Laws were then passed protecting farmers • Munn vs. Illinois: States were given regulation control of railroads by the Courts

42. Interstate Commerce Act: • In 1887, the Federal government re-established their control over railroad activities • Congress passed the Interstate Commerce Act and established a 5-member Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) • The ICC struggled to gain power until 1906

43. Section 3: Objectives • By the end of the lesson, I will be able to: • 1. Identify management and business strategies that contributed to the success of business tycoons such as Andrew Carnegie. • 2. Explain Social Darwinism and its effects on society. • 3. Summarize the emergence and growth of unions. • 4. Explain the violent reactions of industry and government to union strikes.

44. Section 3: Big Business and Labor Main Idea: The expansion of industry resulted in the growth of big business and prompted laborers to form unions to better their lives. Why it Matters Now: Many of the strategies used today in industry and in the labor movement, such as striking, have their origins in the late 19th century. Terms: Vertical and horizontal integration Social Darwinism Sherman Antitrust Act American Federation of Labor (AFL) Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) Names: Andrew Carnegie John D. Rockefeller Samuel Gompers Eugene V. Debs Mary Harris Jones

45. 30 0 25 This is my musical preference: • Rock • Rap • Country • Classical • Techno • Punk • Jazz

46. Section 3: Big Business and Labor • Andrew Carnegie was one of the first industrial moguls • He entered the steel industry in 1873 • By 1899, the Carnegie Steel Company manufactured more steel than all the factories in Great Britain combined Carnegie Mellon University

47. Carnegie Business Practices: • Carnegie initiated many new business practices such as; • Searching for ways to make better products more cheaply • Accounting systems to track expenses • Attracting quality people by offering them stock & benefits ANDREW CARNEGIE 1835 -1919

49. 30 0 25 Why did people like to work for Andrew Carnegie? • He treated them fairly • He provided them with good benefits • He had good ideas about how to make his business better • All of the above are true.

50. Carnegie’s Vertical Integration: • Carnegie attempted to control as much of the steel industry as possible • How? Vertical integration; he bought out his suppliers (coal fields, iron mines, ore freighters, and rail lines) in order to control materials and transportation