Juvenile Justice in America

1. Juvenile Justice in America SOC 106 Part 14: Juvenile Corrections: Probation, Community Treatment, Institutionalization

2. Treatment programs - wide choice - available alternatives - community treatment / institutional treatment a. Community - provide care / protection / treatment - treatment services: individual / group - probation / restitution / residential (1) Residential - foster homes

3. - small group homes - boarding schools (2) Nonresidential - remain in home - counseling / vocational training - other community services b. Institutional - correctional facilities - federal / state / local - detention / rehabilitation / reform schools

4. - restrict movement - monitoring / locked exits / interior fencing (1) Number of functions (a) Reception center - screen youth / diagnostic - assign appropriate facility (b) Specialized centers - specific care - drug / anger / sexual

5. (c) Training schools - long term - secure (d) Ranch / forestry camps - long term - residential care - work programs (e) Boot camps - rehabilitate - rigorous physical training

6. (2) Suppression effect - reduction: arrests per year - release from secure facility (a) Not achieved - less punitive programs (b) Institution stay - long term effect (c) Murray / Cox - system must choose

7. (a) Prevention of delinquency - institutionalization - threat of (b) Care / protection needy youth - residential - community • Juvenile Probation - aftercare - non-punitive legal disposition - primary form = community treatment

8. - under juvenile court a. Historical development - England: specialized procedures – 1820 (1) United States - first child protection case - Humane Society = animal rights (a) 1869: state of Massachusetts - State Board of Charities - criminal trials of youth

9. (b) Volunteers - suitable homes - visit periodically (c) 1890: services broadened - mandatory part of court - case workers (d) 1920: probation officers - National Probation Act – 1925 - federal offenses - probation / pre-trial services

10. (e) 1940: some form in all states (2) Mid-1960s - complex institution - enormous number of children - 30 – 40% adults = jailed as juveniles (a) 300,000 yearly today - formal probation (b) More than 50% dispositions - popular alternative

11. (3) Appropriate alternative - supervised in community (a) Tailors program - specific to offender (b) Confidence in rehabilitation - legal controls - public protection (c) Disposition of choice - particularly status offenders

12. b. Nature of probation - judicial order - found delinquent / status offender - remain in community - court ordered supervision (1) Probation sentence - contract = court / juvenile - institutionalization: held in abeyance (a) Adhere to set of rules - mandated by court

13. (b) Contract broken - impose original order (c) Revoked - supervised - conditional - revocable disposition (2) Rules of probation - vary (a) Usually include

14. - school / work - keep regular hours - remain in jurisdiction - stay out of trouble (b) Indefinite period - state statutes - seriousness of offense - juvenile attitude (c) Adjustment to probation - mental ability

15. (3) Release from probation - varies: state to state (a) 18 years / 21 years - automatically (b) No longer need - usually - probation officer c. Conditions - behave in particular way

16. (1) Additional: - restitution / reparation - intensive supervision / counseling - treatment programs - educational / vocational training (2) Probation cannot be: - capricious - cruel - beyond juvenile’s capacity (a) Inappropriate

17. - not visit girlfriend / boyfriend - threatened / harmed (c) Upheld - known gang members - gang areas • Organization / administration - 27 states = local juvenile court - 23 + D.C. = administrative office of courts a. Over 18,000 juvenile probation officers

18. (1) Chief probation officer - director / administrator / etc. - elected / appointed (a) Assistant probation officers - training - special offenders - police liaison - probation / intake functions (b) John Augustus – 1841 - “father of probation”

19. (2) Duties - important role - intake = court supervision - 4 stages of court process (a) Intake - screen complaints - adjust matter - refer juvenile - judicial action (b) Pre-adjudication stage

20. - release decisions - detention options (c) Predisposition stage - assist court - reports / verbal discussion (d) Post-adjudication stage - supervise juveniles b. PO influence - tremendous over child / family

21. (1) Social investigative report - pre-disposition - court judge prosecutor / defense (a) Contains - clinical diagnosis - social functioning - personality (b) Environmental issues - family issues / problems - peer involvement

22. (2) Process - intake (a) Referral - social service agency - court (b) Social investigation - detention hearing (c) Adjudication - court hearing

23. (d) Dispositional hearing - finding of “guilt” (e) Probation - conditions - treatment (f) Decision to terminate - ending probation • Parole - aftercare

24. - from state institution - before period of commitment ends a. History of juvenile parole - ‘House of Refuge’ - work houses (1) Process - decision to grant - conditions - staff of institution - confinement

25. (2) State time - for parole (a) Community based program - returned to family - residential placement (b) Juvenile parole officer - supervision b. Washington state - counselors

26. - supervised / conditional / revocable - state / contracted county (1) Provides - structure / monitoring - support = youth / family (a) Access to local resources - reintegrate youth - into community (b) Father of parole

27. - Walter Crofton - Irish prison system - “ticket of leave” (2) Washington state JRA - juvenile rehabilitation administration (a) Revocation process - not complying - condition suspended / changed - confine up to 30 days - return to state

28. (b) Hearing examiner - interviews juvenile - revocation hearing date - right to attorney (c) Witnesses called - police officer / parole officer / school official / etc. - held until hearing (d) Examiner - listens to evidence

29. - report to parole authorities - decision made - up to 30 days - 800 revocations c. 3 types of parole - regular / intensive / sex offender (1) Regular parole supervision - 12 to 24 weeks - based on “risk to re-offend” - school / job / family

30. (2) Intensive parole supervision – 1997 - 25% highest risk to re-offend - increased treatment intervention - increased supervision - mandatory: 6 months intensive parole - sanctions for violating - limit offenders: 25 to 30 (3) Sex offender parole supervision - Level III offender - community notification - 6 months intensive parole

31. - 24 to 36 months mandatory parole - based on risk to re-offend d. JRA institutions - four major institutions (1) Green Hill - Chehalis - maximum - high risk (2) Maple Lane

32. - Rochester - medium to maximum - intensive management unit (3) Naselle - work camp - sex offender treatment - older female delinquents (4) Echo Glen - younger offender - male / female

33. Prevention / diversion programs - dissuade youth from delinquency - treatment in community - divert from courts a. Intervention (1) Pre-adjudication intervention - after crime committed - before court hearing (2) Post-adjudication intervention

34. b. 3 prevention programs (1) Primary prevention - prevent delinquency - all youth - addresses social conditions (2) Secondary prevention - high risk juveniles - early intervention - single parent / drugs / child-sex abuse / gangs / truancy / curfew / runaway

35. (3) Tertiary prevention - prevent further illegal acts - secure facilities - community programs c. Life Skills Program - provide instruction in 4 areas (1) Cognitive function - information processing (2) Decision making

36. - think things out (3) Stress reduction - time outs - breathing (4) Social skills - socialize - work with