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Timeline

Timeline. 1775 Lexington, Concord & Bunker Hill Birth of the Continental Navy & Army 1776 Common Sense published Declaration of Independence 1777 Battle of Saratoga 1778 French Alliance changes war 1779 English change to southern strategy 1781 Battle of Yorktown

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Timeline

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  1. Timeline 1775 Lexington, Concord & Bunker Hill Birth of the Continental Navy & Army 1776 Common Sense published Declaration of Independence 1777 Battle of Saratoga 1778 French Alliance changes war 1779 English change to southern strategy 1781 Battle of Yorktown 1783 Peace of Paris

  2. Outline • Pre-Independence • First years of fighting (1776-1778) • Impact of the French Alliance • War changes direction (1778-1781)

  3. I. 1775 • Lexington and Concord - April 19 • British troops plan to destroy munitions at Concord • Paul Revere, William Dawes • battle on the green and guerilla warfare • by end of day British 273 casualties, Americans 95 • April 20 • nearly 20,000 New England militia begin siege of Boston. 1 2 3 4

  4. Fighting the War The Death of General Wolfe 1 2 3 4

  5. I. Rising Passions 1 2 3 4

  6. I. 1775 • Second Continental Congress first meets • one month after Lexington and Concord • May 1775 • Thomas Jefferson. 1 2 3 4

  7. I. 1775 • Breeds/Bunker Hill - June 12, 1775 • General Gage places Boston under martial law • declares any helping the rebels are also rebels • fortifications begin to be erected • British ships begin to shell Breed’s Hill • 2,400 British troops attack 1,000 Americans. 1 2 3 4

  8. I. British bombardment of Bunker Hill 12 June 1775 1 2 3 4

  9. I. 1775 • Invasion of Canada • two armies invade • initial victories • smallpox • British fleet. 1 2 3 4

  10. II. Common Sense - 1776 • Government originates from the people • Britain deals with colonies from self-interest - Parliament brought about all the problems the colonies faced • monarchy is a foolish form of government • nature destined America for greatness and independence. 1 2 3 4

  11. II. Recruitment Poster 1 2 3 4

  12. II. July 1776 • Declaration of Independence • natural rights violated • specific grievances against King George III • justification. 1 2 3 4

  13. II. Signing the Declaration - John Trumbull 1 2 3 4

  14. II. 1776 • British strategy to prosecute the war • show of force in New England would not be sufficient – work to isolate New England • retain loyalty of “silent majority” • capture major colonial cities • defeat rebels in one decisive battle. 1 2 3 4

  15. II. Military Forces - comparison • Continental Navy • Navy – 1776 – zero ships • Largest during war – eight ships • Navy – 1783 – zero ships • Continental Army • 1776 Washington’s Army has 19,000 • 1777 Washington’s Army has 11,000 men (on rolls) • 1783 Washington’s Army has 8,000 men 1 2 3 4

  16. II. Military Forces - comparison • Continental army captures 15,000 men • Navy and privateers capture 16,000 men Congressional instructions in 1780 (reprinted by Franklin 1781) 1 2 3 4

  17. II. Navy • Continental Navy • bolsters its forces with privateers • limited gunpowder • enough for 9 shots each • privateers bring in over 2 tons by 1777 • John Paul Jones 1 2 3 4

  18. II. Loyalist/Patriot • Overall 33% patriot, 33% loyalist, 33% neutral • Patriots • New Englander, city dweller, angry at England • Loyalists • recent immigrant from England, • Other less significant factors: connection with established British power structure, southerner, angry at Patriots. 1 2 3 4

  19. II. 1776 • July 1776 British land in New York • August 1776 battle of New York commences • 32,000 British troops (8,000 Hessians) • 23,000 Americans • British easily defeat Americans • Washington forced to retreat. 1 2 3 4

  20. II. Washington Crossing the Delaware – Dec 7 1 2 3 4

  21. II. Washington Crossing the Delaware – Dec 7 Far Side – Gary Larson 1 2 3 4

  22. Christmas night 1776 re-cross Delaware and attack Hessian held Trenton, NJ 1000 Hessian troops caught by surprise and surrender. II. 1776 Surrender of the Hessians at Trenton 1 2 3 4

  23. II. 1777 • Invasion of Philadelphia to coerce surrender • British troops move by sea • Washington moves to block capture of Philadelphia • unable to stop British • British troop movement stirs up anger with British and many join rebels. 1 2 3 4

  24. Saratoga and Philadelphia campaigns1776-77 1 2 3 4

  25. II. 1777 • Occupation of Philadelphia • Loyalists in the city celebrate • American army spends winter at Valley Forge • camp followers. Congress arrives to view the atrocious conditions 1 2 3 4

  26. II. 1777 • British attack from Canada • John “Gentleman Johnny” Burgoyne • New England militia • surround and defeat of Burgoyne • makes victorypossible forcolonists. Surrender at Saratoga 1 2 3 4

  27. II. War in north till 1777 1 2 3 4

  28. III. 1778 • French alliance with United States • transition from clandestine support dating from 1776 • alliance because France wants to hurt its enemy England • treaty wonderful for colonists • both sides agree to total independence • French renounce all claims in continental North America. 1 2 3 4

  29. III. Franklin signing treaty with France 1 2 3 4

  30. III. 1778 • French involvement changes pattern of war • British change strategy • International war - troop deployment changes • focus on regaining South • Maintain coastal cities for naval superiority • raids and naval warfare expand. 1 2 3 4

  31. IV. War in the South • Clinton begins the assault on Charleston – falls 1780 • Loyalists encouraged – brutal attacks • Benedict Arnold, “Hero of Saratoga,” begins selling information to the British • officially switches sides in 1780 • significance of spies. 1 2 3 4

  32. IV. War in the South • A Civil War erupts in the south • war exacerbates divisions • attacks on opposition • Escalation “All of society seems to be at an end. Every person keeps close on his own plantation. Robberies and murders are often committed on public roads… Poverty, want, and hardship appear in almost every countenance.” - SC official. 1 2 3 4

  33. IV. War in the South “the lower sort of People, who were in many parts originally attached to the British Government, have suffered so severely… that Great Britain has now a hundred enemies where it had one before.” - Carolina Loyalist, 1780 1 2 3 4

  34. IV. British Southern Strategy English strategy Occupy Georgia Can only be accomplished if Carolinas conquered Occupy Carolinas After defeat at Cowpens & bloody battle at Guilford Court House believe can only be accomplished if Virginia conquered Occupy Virginia Cornwallis leads an army north to defeat the last Continental army in the south (led by Nathaniel Green) Ordered to meet “on the Virginia coast” 1 2 3 4

  35. IV. Southern Campaigns 1 2 3 4

  36. IV. 1781 Victory in the South • British determine to defeat the rebels in the Chesapeake region • Cornwallis meets up with Benedict Arnold and fortifies a site on the tip of the peninsula formed by the York and James rivers, Yorktown. 1 2 3 4

  37. IV. Yorktown • September 1781 • French navy blockading coast • 7800 French army, 5700 Continentals, 3200 militia • Surrender October 12, 1781 • British navy arrives seven days later to break blockade • final major military engagement for Americans in North America. 1 2 3 4

  38. IV. Surrender at Yorktown 1 2 3 4 Where are the French?

  39. IV. 1780-1781 in the South 1 2 3 4

  40. IV. Why did it end here? • British army losing around the globe • Cost from the war is skyrocketing • Entire empire is at stake - cut losses in US. 1 2 3 4

  41. IV. Impact of the war Roughly 1 in 20 free white men (age 16-45) die America now allied with France America now must increase taxes to pay for war To defend the trade ships 1 2 3 4

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