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Respiratory System

Respiratory System. Chapter 11. Objectives. Identify the organs of the respiratory system Locate the structures of the respiratory system Identify the functions of the respiratory system Review some disorders of the respiratory system Review some laboratory test and procedures.

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Respiratory System

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  1. Respiratory System Chapter 11

  2. Objectives • Identify the organs of the respiratory system • Locate the structures of the respiratory system • Identify the functions of the respiratory system • Review some disorders of the respiratory system • Review some laboratory test and procedures

  3. Functions of the Respiratory System • Breathing process • Exchange of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide • Enable speech production

  4. How it works: • Consist of a series of tubes that transport air in an out of the lungs. • Function is to supply oxygen to the body cells and to transport carbon dioxide which is produced by the body cells into the atmosphere • There are two forms of respiration exchange

  5. 1: External respiration • Oxygen is inhaled (inhaled air is about 21% oxygen) into the air sacs of the lungs • It is then immediately passed into tiny capillary blood vessels surrounding the air spaces

  6. External respiration contd: • Simultaneously, carbon dioxide, ( a gas produced when oxygen and food combine in cells) passes from the capillary blood vessels into the air spaces of the lungs to be exhaled. • Exhaled air contains 16% oxygen • Mostly an involuntary activity

  7. 2. Internal respiration • Happens simultaneously as external respiration • Occurs between the individual body cells and the tiny capillary blood vessels • Involves an exchange of gases at the cells with in all organs of the body • Oxygen passes out of the blood stream into tissue cells

  8. Cellular respiration: • Further use of the body cells to use oxygen to produce energy • Release of carbon dioxide and water

  9. FYI: RR = respiratory rate Respiratory rate is the rate per minute of inhaling and exhaling A normal rate for an adult is 16 to 18 times a minute

  10. Structures of Respiratory System • upper respiratory tract • nose, mouth, pharynx, epiglottis, larynx and trachea • lower respiratory tract • bronchial tree and lungs

  11. Respiratory tract divided into:

  12. Upper Respiratory tract: • Nose: (nostrils or nares). • When we inhale air enters the body through the nose via the nasal nares • Then passes trough the nasal cavity • This cavity is lined with mucous membranes and fine hairs called cilia that filter out foreign bodies and also warm and moisten the air

  13. Nose • nasal cavity • nasal septum • mucous membrane • mucus • cilia • olfactory receptors

  14. Upper respiratory contd: • Pharynx (throat) • After passing through the nasal cavity air reaches the pharynx • A 5 inch muscular tube that extends from the base of the skull to the esophagus • The airway that connects the mouth and nose to the larynx

  15. Pharynx: Divided into three sections

  16. Pharynx contd: • Nasopharynx: nearest the nasal cavity and contain adenoids (masses of lymphatic tissue) • If enlarged it can obstruct airway • Equalize pressure on both sides of the tympanic membrane.

  17. Pharynx Contd: • Oropharynx: located behind the mouth • Muscular soft palate that contains the uvula and tonsils.

  18. Pharynx contd: • Laryngopharynx: surrounds the opening of the esophagus • Also known as the hypo pharynx • Serves as a common passageway for food from the mouth and air from the nose • Divided into two branches larynx and esophagus

  19. Pharynx • Nasopharynx • adenoids or pharyngeal tonsils • oropharynx • palatine tonsils • laryngopharynx • larynx

  20. Pharynx: Divided into three sections

  21. Larynx: Voice box • Covered by the epiglottis which is a small flap of cartilage that is attached to the roof of the tongue • Connects the pharynx to the trachea (where air goes down into the lungs) • Contains the vocal cords and is surrounded by nine cartilages for support • Tension of the vocal cords determine the high or low pitch of the voice

  22. Lower Respiratory Tract:

  23. Trachea: Wind pipe • A 10 to 12 cm long tube • Extends into the chest • Serves as passageway for air into the bronchi • Kept open by 16 to 20 C shaped rings made of cartilage • Some of the rings make up the thyroid cartilage forming the Adams apple

  24. Bronchi • Trachea branches into two tubes called bronchi • Bronchi = plural bronchus = singular • Right is primary (main) and shorter than the left • Each bronchus enters the lung and subdivides into smaller tubes • The smallest is called bronchioles

  25. Bronchi contd: • At the end of the bronchioles are clusters of air sacs called alveoli • Alveoli = plural alveolus = singular • Each is lined with a layer of epithelium • This very thin wall permits the exchange of gasses between the alveoli and the capillaries

  26. Lungs: • Located in the thoracic cavity • Right lung has three lobes • Left lung has two lobes • Oxygen passes from the lungs into the capillaries ( network of tiny blood vessels) that surround the alveoli and distributes them to the cells • Carbon dioxide from the blood cells passes into the lungs for removal

  27. Lungs Right-3 lobes Left-2 lobes trachea

  28. Lungs contd: • When oxygen is absorbed into the blood it attaches to the hemoglobin and is released as needed. • Each lung is covered by a membrane called pleura • The outer layer (near the ribs) parietal pleura • The inner layer (closet to the lungs) visceral pleura

  29. Lungs contd: • A serous fluid ( thin, watery lubricating fluid) moistens the pleura • This facilitates movement between the pleuras and prevent friction • Lungs extend from the collar bone to the diaphragm

  30. Lungs contd: • Diaphragm: is a muscular partition that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity • This muscles aids in the process of breathing • Breathing is the process of inhalation and exhalation

  31. Lungs contd: • Inhalation: (inspiration) the diaphragm contracts and descends causing enlargement of the thoracic cavity area • This allows air to flow into the lungs to equalize the pressure

  32. Inhalation • Breathing in • Body gets oxygen from the air • Rib muscles contract to pull ribs up and out • Diaphragm muscle contracts to pull down the lungs • Tissue expands to force (pull) in air.

  33. Lungs contd: • Exhalation: (expiration) when the lungs are full, the diaphragm relaxes and elevates making the thoracic cavity smaller • This increases the air pressure in the thorax • Air is then expelled out of the lungs to equalize the pressure

  34. Exhalation • Breathing out • Get rid of carbon dioxide • Rib muscles relax • Diaphragm muscle relaxes • Tissue returns to resting position and forces (pushes) air out

  35. http://users.tpg.com.au/users/amcgann/body/respiratory.html

  36. Respiratory Root Words: • Adenoid/o Adenoids • Alveol/o Alveolus, air sac • Atel/o Imperfect, incomplete • Bronch/o Bronchus • Bronchi/o Bronchial tubes • Epiglott/o Epiglottis • Laryng/o Larynx • Nas/o, rhin/o Nose

  37. Root words contd: • Ox/o, Ox/i oxygen • Pharyng/o throat • Pleur/o Pleura • Pneum/o Lung, air • Pulmon/o Lung • Spir/o To breathe • Thorac/o Chest • Tonsill/o Tonsils • Trache/o Trachea

  38. Respiratory Prefixes: • An-, a- Without, absent • Endo- Within • Inter- Between • Intra- Within

  39. Respiratory suffixes: • -ar, -ary Pertaining to • -capnia Carbon dioxide • -centesis Surgical puncture with needle to aspirate fluid • -ectasis Stretching or expansion • -gram Record • -graphy Process of recording • -itis Inflammation

  40. Suffixes contd: • -ostomy creation of an artificial opening • -oxia oxygen • -pnea breathing • -scope instrument used to examine • -scopy visual examination • -stenosis narrowing or contracting • -thorax chest

  41. Suffixes contd: • -ptysis spitting • -sphyxia pulse • -osmia smell

  42. A few lung disorders: • Lung abscess: a localized collection of pus in a cavity formed by the disintegration of tissue

  43. Asthma • Spasm and narrowing of bronchi, leading to bronchial airway obstruction

  44. Bronchitis • Inflammation of one or more bronchi

  45. Coryza • Profuse discharge from the mucous membrane of the nose

  46. Deviated septum • Defect in the wall between the nostrils that cause partial or complete obstruction

  47. Epistaxis • Hemorrhage from the nose; nose bleed

  48. Hiatal hernia • Protrusion of part of the stomach into the chest through the esophageal hiatus defect of the diaphragm

  49. Pleural effusion • Accumulation of fluid in the pleural space, which compresses the underlying potion of the lung causing dyspnea

  50. Emphysema: • Destruction of alveolar walls

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