COURSE IN ENGLISH LEXICOLOGY

1. COURSE IN ENGLISH LEXICOLOGY

2. COURSE Literature • Верба Л.Г. Порівняльна лексикологія англійської та української мови. – Вінниця: Нова книга, 2003 • Korunets I. Сontrastive Typology ofthe English and Ukrainian Languages. – Vinnytsya: Nova Knyha Publishers, 2003, pp. 118-178 • Арбекова Т. Пракический курс лексикологии английского языка. – М.: Просвещение, 1981 • Minayeva L.V. English Lexicology and Lexicography. – M.: Астрель, 2007

3. WORD-FORMATION WORD-FORMATON is a branch of linguistics that is major in studying the formal structure of the word, its components and their meanings

4. WHAt is morpheme? MORPHEME is a minimal formal word component bases on the association of the given meaning with a given sound pattern

5. Types of Morphemes STEM AFFIXES MORPHEME ROOT

6. What is root? ROOT is a semantic nucleus of a word with which no grammatical properties of this word are connected.

7. What is stem? STEM is a part of word that remains unchanged throughout its paradigm and to which the grammatical inflections and affixes are added. E.g. boy-boys-boyish-boyhood; happy-happiness, happy-unhappy-unhappiness drama-dramatic-dramatical-nondramatic-nondramatical-dramatism

8. What is affix? AFFIX is a minimal word component that possesses its own lexical and grammatical meaning that gives the extra-semantical components to the word and determines its grammatical properties. E.g. poet-poetess, waiter-waitress, do-does, pretty-prettier-prettiest, make-remake-unmake

9. Types of affixes Affixes suffix prefix infix a derivational morpheme standing before the root and modifying its meaning an affix placed within the word a derivational morpheme following the stem and forming a new derivative in a different part of speech

10. Ways of word-formation

11. Ways of word-formation (cont.)

12. What is polysemy? POLYSEMY is a co-existence of various meanings of the same word at a certain historical period of the language development.

13. How does polysemy develop? • 1. RADIATION is a semantic process in which in a group of meanings one is central and the others proceed put of it. • 2. CONCATENATION is a semantic process when the meanings or some of them move away from their first meaning. • 3. SPLIT OF POLYSEMY is a process when a new meaning looses all its connections with all the other meanings and starts its independent existence.

14. WHAT IS HOMONIMY? • HOMONIMY is a phenomenon at which the words of the same or close pronunciation and different spelling have different meanings. • Such words are called homonyms. accept-except, aisle-isle, gilt-guilt, mail-male

15. WHAT ARE HOMOPHONES? HOMOPHONES are the words of the same sound, yet they have different spelling. for-four-fore, feet-feat, beat-beet, ate-eight, sail-sale, right-write, ant-aunt, see-sea

16. WHAT ARE HOMOGRAPHS? HOMOGRAPHS are the words written in the similar manner but with different sound and meaning. axes - the plural of ax or axe/the plural of axis desert - a hot, arid region/to leave or a tasty meal at the end of the course does - female deer (plural)/present, third person singular form of the verb “do” wind - to turn/moving air wound - turned/an injury

17. What is synonymy? • SYNONOMY is a relation of several words different in sound and morphemic components but identical within a part of the speech and lexical meaning. • Such words are called synonyms. • They create a synonymic group where the words can be distinguished by connotation, shades of meaning and idiomatic use. • Synonymic dominant is a dominant element of each synonymic group containing the specific features rendered by all the other members of this group. Beautiful – fine-pretty-nice-cool-gorgeous-handsome Dark – darkness-shadow-gloom-mirk (murk)-obscuration Calculate – compute-reckon-estimate

18. TYPES OF SYNONYMS • Ideographic (the same notion with different shades of meaning) Ascent – to mount – to climb Happen – to occur – to befall – to chance Look – appearance – complexion – countenance • Stylistic (words of different stylistic features) Child-infant-kid Die-to kick the bucket • Contextual (words similar in meaning only under some specific conditions)

19. TYPES OF SYNONYMS (CONT.) • Local (words that do not differ either ideographically of stylistically but are used in different regions or countries speaking the same language) Lift – elevator Queue – line Autumn – fall • Total (words that coincide in all the shades of meaning and in their stylistic features, may replace each other in different contexts) Total-absolute

20. What is antonymy? • ANTONYMY is a relation between pair of words based upon opposing their lexical meaning. • Such words are called antonyms • They create antonymic pairs. • Beautiful-ugly • Good-bad • Accurate-approximate • Create-destroy

21. TYPES OF ANTONYMS • Gradable (represent rather more-or-less relations): hot-cold, fast-slow, increase-decrease • Complementary (if you are one, you cannot be another ): live-dead, legal-illegal, beginning-end • Converse (relationship between two or more things): above-below, before-after, buy-sell, lend-borrow

22. WHAT IS HYPONYMY? • HYPONYMY is a relationship of inclusion of some words in a group of similar words. • HYPERNIM is a major word of this group identifying a general class • HYPERONYM is a word included to the group of words with the identical specific meaning • FLOWER – daisy, poppy, tulip, forget-me-not

23. WHAT IS PHRASEOLOGY? • 1. a branch of linguistics that deals with studying the phraseological units • 2. a whole set of the phraseological units in the language

24. What is phraseological unit? PHRASEOLOGICAL UNIT is a word-combination with its own fixed lexical meaning that hardly can be judged by its individual components.

25. TYPES OF PHRASEOLOGICAL UNITS • Idiom (a group of words the meaning of which is difficult or impossible to understand from knowing the words considered separately): as easy as a pie, to crown it all, lame duck, red tape, bed of nail • Set expression (a group of words characterized by their stability, fixed and ready-made nature): at the beginning, at the end, get to the point • Semi-fixed combinations (groups of words permitting a certain substitution of their elements): to go to the (cinema, theatre etc.), give a lift (ride) • Free phrases (group of words permitting substitution of any of its elements without semantic change in the other element or elements): She was not managing to cut much of a figure = to cut a poor figure (to be inimportant) • Phraseological fusion (word combinations in which the meaning of components is completely absorbed by the meaning of the whole by its expressiveness or emotional background): tit for tat, to and fro, apples and oranges, under the rose, once in a blue moon • Phraseological unity (word combinations the emotional quality of which is based on the image created by the whole; may be easily translated and allow certain substitutions) to know the way where the wind is blowing, to stick to smb.’s guns, as dead as a doornail, to beat blue and green (to beat black and blue), to come to one’s sense, to fall into rage

26. Types of phraseological units (CONT) • Phraseological combinations (word groups containing one component used in its direct meaning while the other is used figuratively): to make an attempt, to make haste to offer an apology • Proverbs (a short familiar epigrammatic saying expressing a popular wisdom, a truth or a moral lesson in a concise and imaginative way): East or West home is best. The dog barks, the caravan goes. A road to hell is paved with good intensions. • Cliches (phrases that have lost their original expressiveness and became state): in terms of, under conditions that, best regards, avoid like plague, age before beauty, Pandora’s box