Lexicology

1. Lexicology

2. Linguistics • Phonetics • Phonology • Morphology • Lexicology • Semantics • Syntax

3. Topics for lexicology • Historical change • Change of form • Change of pronunciation • Change of meaning • Change of word formation • Word origins • The word-formation • Idioms • Dictionaries • Differences between American and British languages

4. Notions and Expressions • Notions and Expressions • Cognate • Etymology • Jargon • The core vocabulary • The learned vocabulary

5. Story of words • Applaud & explode • Applaudere • Expaudere • bomb

6. History • The historical background of English • Stone age • Roman Conquest • Invasion by Germanic tribes

7. History of English • 450-1066, Old English Period of full inflections • 1066-1476, Middle EnglishPeriod of leveled inflections • 1476--1776,Early Modern English Period of lost inflections

8. The language change • Vocabulary • Word order • Pronunciation and phonological system • Case system • Orthographical features

9. Change in Word Order • ‘and it put to flight’and put it to flight • ‘it after rode’rode after it • ‘then give the army him hostages’then the army gave him hostages • ‘promised that their king baptism receive would’promised that their king would receive baptism

10. Pronunciation • niht (night) : hit (old English) • Fyue(five):sleeve feeldes(fields): failed us (Middle English)

11. Old English • Fæder ure þuþe eart on heofonumsi þin nama gehalgod tobecume þin rice gewurþe þin willa on eorðan swa swa on heofonumurne gedæghwamlican hlaf syle us to dægand forgyf us ure gyltas swa swa we forgyfað urum gyltendumand ne gelæd þu us on costnunge ac alys us of yfele soþlice.

12. Middle English • Oure fadir þat art in heuenes halwid be þi name;þi reume or kyngdom come to be. Be þi wille don in herþe as it is dounin heuene.yeue to us today oure eche dayes bred.And foryeue to us oure dettis þat is oure synnys as we foryeuen to oure dettouris þat is to men þat han synned in us.And lede us not into temptacion but delyuere us from euyl.

13. Early Modern English • Our father which art in heauen, hallowed be thy name.Thy kingdom come. Thy will be done in earth as it is in heauen.Giue us this day our daily bread.And forgiue us our debts as we forgiue our debters.And lead us not into temptation, but deliuer us from euill. Amen. -----(King James Version, 1611)

14. Whydoes language change? • Borrowing(examples from English) • Latin: animal, deficit, exit, extra, item, logic, pope • French: art, beauty, dinner, dress, jail, napkin, passion • Greek: comedy, climax, dialogue, drama, episode • Spanish: adobe, canyon, cigar, guerilla, plaza, vanilla • German: angst, kindergarten, pretzel, sauerkraut, spiel • Italian: attitude, balcony, opera, piano, tempo,umbrella • Persian: paradise, khaki, van, pyjamas, • Arabic: algorithem, algebra, minaret, sultan

15. Example of English • Borrowings from French (after Norman Invasion). • Sometimes both versions survived: French English • pork swine • beef cow

16. Why does language change? • Simplification • phonological system: • Persian: long features not productive • Front Back • i u • e e: o: o • Q a • o:, e: ---> u, i she:r ---> shir • Result: homophones: shir: lion/milk

17. Why does language change? • Simplification • morphological system • Simplification of the Case system from the ancient IE languages to their daughter languages. • syntactic system • Loss of ergative construction in Persian: the verb agreed with the object if in past tense.

18. Attitudes to language change • Fortunately, I have a spare fan belt. • Frankly, you ought to stop seeing Bill. • Mercifully, the ceasefire appears to be holding. • Undoubtedly, she has something up her sleeve. • Hopefully, we’ll be there in time for lunch.

19. Function of language change • I hope we’ll be there in time for lunch, but I suspect we won’t make it. • Hopefully, we’ll be there in time for lunch, but I suspect we won’t make it.

20. My car is being repaired • My house is being painted • This problem is being discussed at today’s meeting. • My car is repairing • My house is painting • This problem is discussing at today’s meeting.

21. Language Classification • Isolating each idea expressed in a separate word or morpheme; words tend to be monosyllabic e.g, Chinese; • Agglutinative words made of multiple syllables; each syllable has meaning e.g., Turkish. For example, ev (house), evler (houses), evlerde (in the houses), evlerden (from the houses)

22. Language Classification • Incorporative major sentence elements incorporated into single word e.g., Inuktitut (Eskimo): Qasuiirsarvigssarsingitluinarnarpuq means "Someone did not find a completely suitable resting place"

23. Language Classification • Inflective an alteration in or addition to a form of a word to indicate such things as case, gender, number, mood, and tense; one fusional affix may mark several grammatical categories at the same time, e.g., Latin & Old English

24. Language Change • Accents • Dialects • Languages

25. Language Family • In time, with enough migrations, a single language can evolve into an entire family of languages. • Languages in the same family, share many common grammatical features and many of the key words

26. Indo-European Languages • The single largest language family, Indo-European has about 150 languages and about three billion speakers.  Languages include Hindi and Urdu (400 million), Bengali (200 million), Spanish (300 million), Portuguese (200 million), French (100 million), German (100 million), Russian (300 million), and English (400 million) in Europe and the Americas.  With English, one can reach approximately one billion people in the world.

27. Indo-European Language Family

28. Cognates • Specialized words having the same origin or related and in some way similar • Related words • Sky • Counting • Animal

29. Origin of IE • Europe • West Asia

30. The importance of Sanskrit • In 1786, Sir William Jones, a supreme court judge in India, proposed that Sanskrit, the language of ancient India, was similar to Greek and Latin, • Inflectional system

31. Eastern Turkey

32. Origin of I-E • Many I-E languages have cognates for the honey bee and for a fermented honey drink (e.g. Greek méli (honey) and mélissa (bee); Latin mel (honey); Old English milisc (honey sweet), medu (mead) and mildeaw (honey dew); Sanskrit madhu (honey); Dutch mede) • Bees are not found in any of the Asiatic sites proposed as the IE homeland.

33. Origin of I-E • Common words for snow, winter, spring; for dog, horse, cow, sheep bear but not camel, lion, elephant, or tiger; for beech, oak, pine, willow, but not palm or banyan • I-E Cultural: complex sense of family relationship and organization; used gold and silver but not copper and iron; words for "wheel," "axle," and "yoke" show they used animals to pull wheeled vehicles; they farmed (not nomadic) with plows and kept domestic animals; they believed in multiple gods.

34. History of English • 4000 BC to 1500 BC Stone Age man and the first farmers • 1500 BC to the Roman Invasion in 43 AD • 410 to 1066 • Anglo Saxon Britain • Viking raids • The Norman invasion

35. History of English • Old English(449-1066): • Mid fifth century A.D: Germanic tribes invaded England. • Several dialects emerged. • West Saxon became the most important one. This language is now called Old English or Anglo Saxon

36. Features of Old English • Vocabulary • Purely Germanic • Rarity of Latin and absence of French • Grammar • Synthetic language: Old English • Analytic language: Modern English

37. Stories behind words • Gossip • Godsib (related to God in old English) • Sibling • a brother or sister

38. Stories behind words • Kidnap • Kid+Nap (compound of two slangs in Middle English) • A baby to be baptized • The Godparents • Kid: a child Nap: Steal

39. Notions and Expressions • Dialect • Inflection • Inflective languages • Language family • Indo-European languages • Sanskrit

40. More!! • Draw inference about what they mean • Commit the words to memory • Keep your working pile current • Attributethe success to his hard work • Venerable or vulnerable?

41. Foreign Influence on the old English • The Celtic • The Latin • The Scandinavian Influence • 790 A.D the invision of the Vikings

42. Germanic Influence • For-, in-, -ful, -dom, -hood, -ship, -ness, -the, -ful, -ish

43. Influence of Latin • altar, candle, disciple, hymn, martyr, nun, priest, pope, shrine, temple • -able, -ible, -ent, -al, -ous, -ive

44. Scandinavian Influence • are, they, their, them, till, call die, give, take, skin, sky, window, ill , weak • -sk

45. Middle English • Norman Conquest in 1066 • William the Conqueror • The course of English language was changed

46. The use of French • The upper class • The bilingual character of the England • The relation between the England and the continent

47. The Thirteenth Century • Upper class: French • Upper class: English for a general use in the middle of the century • Adoption of French words into English • Imperfect French

48. French Influence on the Vocabulary • More direct on vocabulary • Before 1250, 900 words through contact of nobility • After 1250, common words

49. Governmental and Administrative words • state, royal, authority, court, council, parliament, treaty, tax, public, exile, liberty, prince, princess, sir, madam

50. Words about Religion • religion, prayer, lesson, passion, chapter, faith, virgin, miracle, mystery, salvation, immortality, preach,pray