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Identification of Transportation Contributions to Urban PM Levels

Identification of Transportation Contributions to Urban PM Levels. AQRB Mid-Term Review 2004 J.R. Brook + many contributors MSC. Overview. PERD 'POL' on transportation and particulate matter. Multiple Gov't partners Emphasis on organic fraction

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Identification of Transportation Contributions to Urban PM Levels

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  1. Identification of Transportation Contributions to Urban PMLevels AQRB Mid-Term Review 2004 J.R. Brook + many contributors MSC

  2. Overview • PERD 'POL' on transportation and particulate matter. • Multiple Gov't partners • Emphasis on organic fraction • Continuing analysis of Toronto and Vancouver 'TSRI' daily time series of PM2.5 speciation. • Receptor modelling • Organic speciation of PM2.5

  3. Measurement of OC & EC Thermal-Optical Transmission Analysis (TOT)

  4. OC & EC Measurement Uncertainties • High OC blanks (7-15 mg per filter) • Deposit non-uniformity (~10% variability) • Uncertainty in pyrolysis correction based upon BC absorbance (laser) • SVOC • Positive and negative artifacts • Enhanced charring due to artifacts and blank OC • EC biased low? • Conversion from ‘OC’ to ‘OM’

  5. Time series of LMW acids & OC1-3, OC4, BC, NO and O3 OC1-3 O3 Malonic OC4 Malic NO BC Succinic Azelaic Oxalic W C W C W C W C Toronto O3 (x10ppb) OC1-3 OC4 (mgC m-3) Other acids (mg m-3) Oxalic (mg m-3) NO (x100 ppb) EC (mgC m-3) Vancouver

  6. PMF Estimates of PM2.5 Sources - Toronto 60 50 Winter Annual Summer 50 36 35 40 26 30 Mass % 23 21 17 15 20 13 13 10 8 8 6 10 3.3 2.3 2.2 2.0 1.3 1.2 2.1 1.3 1.6 1.1 0 Secondary Ammonium Vehicle / Vehicle / Organic PMprimary-1 Smelter PMprimary-2 Coal Nitrate Road dust NaCl Acids Ammonium Nitrate Coal Combustion Motor Vehicles

  7. PM primary-2 PM primary-1 Road salt/vehicle Amm. Nitrate smelter LMW acid Vehicle/road dust Sec. Coal Sources of Organic Carbon - PMF

  8. Comparison of 2 Multi-Variate Methods 1.4% 0.6% 2.2% 2.2% 3.7% 8.2% 8.0% 10.1% 36.2% 36.5% 13.1% 14.4% 16.1% 1.9% 1.3% 26.0% 18.2% PMF UNMIX

  9. Temporal Variation in PMF Sources • For the 3 UNMIX motor vehicle related sources, day-of-week pattern is strongest for Diesel, weakest for Gas & intermediate for Road Dust. • Day of week means are similar between the 2 PMF and 3 UNMIX motor vehicle related sources.

  10. Vancouver PMF Source Characteristics

  11. PMF Estimate of PM2.5 Sources - Vancouver % Contribution to PM2.5

  12. Relationship between OC and its two important sources Toronto OC1-3 (mgC m-3) Vancouver SOA-PMF (mg m-3) MV-PMF (mg m-3)

  13. GOATS Concentrations PM2.5 “semi-hivol” sampling in spring-summer 2000 Yonge – eastbound 401 on ramp from northbound Yonge St. Downsview – roof of MSC Egbert – Centre for Atmospheric Research Experiments Concentrations are in ng m-3 unless noted

  14. GOATS %OC Explained 13% 28% 28% 15% 39% 32% 9% 6% • Humic-like substances (‘HULIS’) is one of the more exciting areas of OC-speciation research at present time. • *OC4 and the ‘UCM or hump’ are hypothesized to be related to HULIS • *polymerized carbonyl compounds could be part of HULIS • Importance of primary biologicals is also becoming increasingly recognized. • *4-11% of PM2.5 at Yonge was found to be associated with fungal spores. Concentration (ng m-3)

  15. Future Activities • Renewal of PERD-POL is pending • CRUISER has been proposed to take a central role in the ambient characterization component of this new POL • A new joint proposal on black carbon and climate effects has been submitted to the Climate Change Technology & Innovation Transportation R&D program • Ongoing comparison of independent receptor model results using same data and similar and different methods (MSC, UofT, P&Y) • Past organic speciation results continue to be analyzed • Progress is slow due to lack of time • Two years of monthly average concentrations (a composite of daily samples from downtown Toronto TSRI site) of a range of organic species is nearing completion. • Analysis of levoglucosan, fatty acids, alkanes and biomarkers to begin soon • Will provide our first look at the seasonal cycle in Toronto • Methods are being developed for TD-CGMS • No solvents or extraction • Can utilize low volume samples • First step is to focus on PAHs and alkanes for health/exposure studies

  16. Sources of Selected ConstituentsUNMIX Model

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