Progressives: A Reaction to Excesses of Industrialization

Progressives:A Reaction to Excesses of Industrialization 1900-1920

Origins of Progressivism Progressive attitudes and motives Muckrakers Social Gospel Municipal, state, and national reforms Political: suffrage Social and economic: regulation Socialism: alternatives Black America Washington, Du Bois, and Garvey Urban migration Civil rights organizations Women's role: family, work, education, unionization, and suffrage Roosevelt's Square Deal Managing the trusts Conservation Taft Pinchot-Ballinger controversy Payne-Aldrich Tariff Wilson's New Freedom Tariffs Banking reform Antitrust Act of 1914 Progressive EraWhat to know

Progressives Muckrakers- examples Social Gospel McClures Social Work Reformers Women’s Suffrage Prohibition 19th Amendment Political Reforms City Manager Initiative Referendum Recall Child Labor Antitrust Act of 1914 Upton Sinclair The Jungle A.C.L.U. Black America Washington DuBois, Garvey T. Roosevelt Square Deal Managing the trusts Conservation Taft Pinchot-Ballinger controversy Payne-Aldrich Tariff WCTU 18th Amendment Wilson's New Freedom Tariffs Banking reform 16th , 17th, 18th, 19th Amendments Key Terms to Memorize

Categorize information from the first 10 pages of reading based on the following: In pairs review your reading notes Create a chart Some categories may not be represented Political Religious Intellectual Cultural Economic Technological Artistic Social Categorizing Information

Progressives=Reform Movement • Progressive movement a reaction to the excesses of industrialization. • (negative effects of Industrialization) • Poverty • Corruption • Working conditions • Immigrant living conditions • Immigrant “social issues associated with immigrants, pejorative- dirty, non-English speakers, Alcohol abuse… • WASP movement- concerned with changes- a movement to regain control…

Progressives Rise Because • Rapid industrialization (Laissez Faire economics) and urbanization (Social Darwinism) causes intolerable problems • Middle class WASPs were driving force behind movement • Need for reform • Need for order • Need to remedy industrial problems

Progressive Constitutional Amendments • 16th Amendment= Income Taxes • 17th Amendment= Direct Election of Senators • 18th Amendment= Prohibition of Alcohol • 19th Amendment= Women’s Vote

Central (Main) Ideas • Optimistic- • Bi-Partisan- Both parties had members • Progress – things are getting better • Society was capable of improvement • Intervention was needed- • to limit big Business • To end political corruption • Solve social problems of alcohol abuse

Issues: • Social Reforms- Prohibition, support for immigration • Women’s Suffrage • Anti-Political Corruption- Federal, State, City Reform • Trust Busting- limiting business

Reciprocal Teaching • Do the following for the 10 pages you read • Summarize- main ideas and key points of reading assignment. • Question- What questions can be answered from this section of reading? • Clarify-Was there any info clarified for you? • Predict- what will you learn about next?

Muckrakers • McClure's • Lincoln Steffen's • Jacob Riis

Political Reforms • City State and Federal • City Managers- • Commission- appointed community members to Government bodies- to reduce corruption (outside party politics) • Goal to expand Democracy and counter Corruption • Initiative- citizens can bring • Referendum- vote of the citizens on an issue • Recall- voters can remove an elected official from office-

Women’s Issues • Poverty, Alcoholism, Child Labor, Prostitution, Public Health, Birth Control, Prohibition • Middle class, more educated, different vocations, nurses, teaching, medicine, social work… • Leaders • Susan B. Anthony (Early Suffragette) • Elizabeth Cady Stanton (Early Suffragette) • Jane Addams- Hull House (Social Reformer) • Ida B. Wells (protested lynching) • Margaret Sanger (Birth Control advocate)

Women’s Suffrage • National American Women’s Suffrage Association (NAWSA) • Long movement • Begins as a state movement- Southern opposition and Northern cities • Changes to Federal Constitutional Amendment 19th Amendment • Wilson (Democrat) will back the amendment 1917 • Becomes part of Constitution 1920

Prohibition • WCTU- Women’s Christian Temperance Union long time advocate of anti-alcohol movement • 18th Amendment Passed during WWI

Christian movement- contrast to Gospel of Wealth Task of Christianity is to rescue the poor” Create the kingdom of god on Earth Salvation Army- example “Salvation ws not merely an individual matter but also a question of Constituting a just Society.” Gospel of Wealth View of Wealthy God rewards with wealth Individual should work hard to get ahead Philanthropy-wealthy return wealth to up lift society- Universities… “It’s your duty to get rich” Social Gospel

(IWW) International Workers of the World • Wobblies • Socialists • Big Bill Haywood- leader • Eugene Debs- Socialist runs for President 3 times

African American Leaders Different Approaches • Booker T. Washington- early moderate 1880’s • W.E.B. Dubois- progressive period- more activism • Marcus Garvy:

Booker T. Washington- Early African American leader, former slave “Agitation of questions of Racial equality is extremist folly” Moderate 1881 Founded Tuskegee Institute-Vocational school for blacks Worked for African American progress, economic priority Wanted economic growth- learn skills, work hard, Acquire property The Atlanta Compromise- famous speech Whites liked his ideas W. E. B. Dubois- NAACP PHD Harvard Militant leader Advocated political and social change for blacks Wanted to end discrimination for blacks Niagara movement leads to the NAACP National Association for the Advancement of Colored People The Souls of Black Folks African American Issues

The Jungle by Upton Sinclair • 1906 • Highlighted the problems associated with the Meat Packing Industry in Chicago • Exploitation of immigrants • Poor working conditions • Spurred Changes: • Pure Food and Drug Act- regulated food industries • Food and Drug Administration -Test and Certify Drugs • Meat Inspection Act- Inspection and labeling of Meat

Theodore Roosevelt • Spanish American War Hero- Cuba- Rough Riders-San Juan Hill Governor of New York- Secretary of Navy- McKinley’s-Vice President 1900. • Assassination of McKinley 1901- by Anarchist- TR becomes youngest president • Activist Conservative-wants to reform but not too much-not radical change

TR • Believed Government can help • Believed in Gospel of Wealth • Feared Social Revolution • “Bully Pulpit” platform from which to persuasively advocate an agenda. • Roosevelt often used the word "bully" as an adjective meaning superb/wonderful.

“Square Deal” • Roosevelt’s agenda for the country – “a Square Deal for all” involved progressive legislation: • Fair treatment of Labor and Business • Steps in to help mediate a Coal Miners strike

TR Supported • 1

Trust Busting • TR wanted to limit the trusts • Used Sherman Anti-Trust Act • Supported the Department of Commerce- to regulate railroads • Bureau of Corporations- to regulate corporations • In 1902 Roosevelt ordered the break up of the massive Northern Securities Company and in 1904 he was supported by the Supreme Court which ordered the company dissolved

Conservation • TR was a proponent of saving the wilderness • New lands Reclamation Act (set aside National Forests and reserves) • Gifford Pinchot – forest conservationist • Created the Forrest Rangers

Taft • Hand picked successor to Roosevelt • Conservative Republican-Pro business (Less Progressive)

TR and the Election of 1912 • TR comes out of retirement • “New Nationalism” = more radical reform agenda than before (Bull Moose Party (mod Republicans) • Social Justice can only occur through government intervention • More regulation of business • Tariff reduction • Regulate Women and child labor • Raise taxes- Inheritance and income taxes

Election of 1912

Election 1912

Wilson • PHD-Professor then President of Princeton- Political Science • Governor of New Jersey • Agenda= “New Freedom” • Economic policy- regulate trusts – • Destroy Monopoly • Lower tariff • Federal Reserve Act 1913 • Federal Trade commission- regulate business – prosecute unfair trade • Supported Clayton Anti Trust Act

16th Amendment= Income Taxes • AMENDMENT XVIPassed by Congress July 2, 1909. Ratified February 3, 1913. • Note: Article I, section 9, of the Constitution was modified by amendment 16. • The Congress shall have power to lay and collect taxes on incomes, from whatever source derived, without apportionment among the several States, and without regard to any census or enumeration.

17th Amendment= Direct Election of Senators • AMENDMENT XVIIPassed by Congress May 13, 1912. Ratified April 8, 1913. • Note: Article I, section 3, of the Constitution was modified by the 17th amendment. • The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senators from each State, elected by the people thereof, for six years; and each Senator shall have one vote. The electors in each State shall have the qualifications requisite for electors of the most numerous branch of the State legislatures. • When vacancies happen in the representation of any State in the Senate, the executive authority of such State shall issue writs of election to fill such vacancies: Provided, That the legislature of any State may empower the executive thereof to make temporary appointments until the people fill the vacancies by election as the legislature may direct. • This amendment shall not be so construed as to affect the election or term of any Senator chosen before it becomes valid as part of the Constitution.

18th Amendment= Prohibition of Alcohol • AMENDMENT XVIIIPassed by Congress December 18, 1917. Ratified January 16, 1919. Repealed by amendment 21. • Section 1.After one year from the ratification of this article the manufacture, sale, or transportation of intoxicating liquors within, the importation thereof into, or the exportation thereof from the United States and all territory subject to the jurisdiction thereof for beverage purposes is hereby prohibited. • Section 2.The Congress and the several States shall have concurrent power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation. • Section 3.This article shall be inoperative unless it shall have been ratified as an amendment to the Constitution by the legislatures of the several States, as provided in the Constitution, within seven years from the date of the submission hereof to the States by the Congress.

19th Amendment= Women’s Suffrage • AMENDMENT XIXPassed by Congress June 4, 1919. Ratified August 18, 1920. • The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex. • Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.

Progressives: A Reaction to Excesses of Industrialization