Space Force

1. Space Force We are now transitioning from an air force into an air and space force on an evolutionary path to a space and air force.— from Global Engagement: A Vision for the 21st Century Air Force http://www.xp.hq.af.mil/xpx/21/global.pdf C. Hall, Randolph 228 chall@aoe.vt.edu

2. A Brief History of Orbital Mechanics Aristotle (384-322 BC) Ptolemy (87-150 AD) Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543) Tycho Brahe (1546-1601) Johannes Kepler (1571-1630) Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) Sir Isaac Newton (1643-1727) C. Hall, Randolph 228 chall@aoe.vt.edu

3. Modern Historical Highlights • 1903 Wright Flyer • 1912 Goddard’s “A Method of Obtaining Extreme Altitudes” • 1914-1918 WWI – Airpower plays important but limited role • 1926 Goddard’s first liquid rocket flight • 1939-1945 WWII – Airpower plays substantial role • 1946 Rand report “Preliminary Design of an Experimental World-Circling Spaceship” • 1947 AF, CIA, and UN formed • 1957 IGY, NORAD formed, Sputnik launched by Soviets • 1958 Explorer I launched by US • 1960 National Reconnaissance Office formed, Corona program • 1962 J.F.Kennedy’s “Moon” speech launched the Space Race • 1967 Outer Space Treaty • 1969 Apollo 11 • 1972 Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty • 1974 Registration Convention • 1982 Space Command formed C. Hall, Randolph 228 chall@aoe.vt.edu

4. Evolution of Space Power “Whoever has the ability to control space will…control the surface of the earth.”— General Thomas D. White, AF Chief of Staff, 1957 “Space power will be as decisive in future combat as airpower is today.” —The Honorable E.C. Aldridge, Jr., Secretary of the Air Force, 1988 “Desert Storm...was a watershed event in military space applications because for the first time, space systems were both integral to the conflict and critical to the outcome of the war.” — General Thomas S. Moorman, Jr., AF Vice Chief Staff, 1992 “Today, the ultimate high ground is space.”— General Joseph W. Ashy, Commander USSPC, 1995 “I'm not in full agreement with the choice of titles for this symposium and I'd like to request the next time we meet, we give strong consideration to changing it.” — General Howell M. Estes, III, Commander USSPC, speaking at the 1997 Air Power Symposium “But when we do achieve the move to that frontier, it will not be Capt. Jean Luc Picard in command, it will be Col. Jean Luc Picard” — General Michael E. Ryan, AF Chief of Staff, speaking at the 1997 AFA Symposium C. Hall, Randolph 228 chall@aoe.vt.edu

5. Why Military Space? • “We are committed to keeping free and open access to space for keeping the peace and in support of natural security.”— President Clinton’s National Space Policy • Currently, the United States alone has over 220 active commercial, civil, and military satellites on orbit worth in excess of $100B. • DOD spends more than $35M/day on space programs • By 2003, $16B in GPS-based revenue alone • By 2005, $1.2T in global telecomm revenue • Failure of Galaxy IV (just one satellite) disrupted the daily lives of millions of people C. Hall, Randolph 228 chall@aoe.vt.edu

6. Military Space Applications • Communications • Navigation • Mapping • Meteorology • Intelligence • Launch • ASAT • Tracking • Missile Warning • Missile Defense C. Hall, Randolph 228 chall@aoe.vt.edu

7. Military Space Organizations • U.S. Space Command • A.F., Army, and Naval Space Commands • National Reconnaissance Office • Research: AFRL, NRL, ARO • Acquisition • Ballistic Missile Defense Organization • Space & Missile Center (Air Force) • Army Space and Strategic Defense Command • Navy Space and Naval Warfare Systems Command • Missile Defense and Space Technology Center (Army) C. Hall, Randolph 228 chall@aoe.vt.edu

8. US Space Organization Relationships Congress President NASA DOI DOC USGS NRO CIA DoD NIMA NSA NOAA JCS AIR FORCE NAVY ARMY USSPACECOM USASMDC AFSPACE ASPO 14AF NAVSPACE USARSPACE Any Questions? C. Hall, Randolph 228 chall@aoe.vt.edu

9. Air Force Space Facts • AF Space Command Commander wears three hats: AFSPC, USSPC, and NORAD • Former Chief Scientist is a Space Engineer from MIT: Dr. Daniel Hastings, Professor of Aeronautics and Astronautics • Air Force gets ~95% of DoD Space Budget • There aren’t many space pictures on the Air Force Homepage C. Hall, Randolph 228 chall@aoe.vt.edu

10. Air Force Space Budget • DoD Space Budget is ~$15B • NASA Space Budget is ~$13B • Some estimates put total military space at closer to $30B • includes funding for CIA and some NASA programs • AFSPC budget went from $158M in 1983 to $2.735B in 1994 • Space-Based Infrared System (SBIRS) budget is $589.6M in 1998, $3.872B in 2000–2003 C. Hall, Randolph 228 chall@aoe.vt.edu

11. Air Force Space Command Locations in CONUS C. Hall, Randolph 228 chall@aoe.vt.edu

12. Silk Purse Airborne Command Post EC-135 communicated with Strategic Air Command through five European ground stations. C. Hall, Randolph 228 chall@aoe.vt.edu

13. Onizuka AFB, Sunnyvale, CA The FAS has a variety of imagery of military space facilities. This one is supposed to have 4-meter resolution. C. Hall, Randolph 228 chall@aoe.vt.edu

14. Onizuka AFB, Sunnyvale, CA This image of Onizuka shows the “Blue Cube,” with supposed 1-meter resolution. I was the integrator for Mission Control Center VII. C. Hall, Randolph 228 chall@aoe.vt.edu

15. The Blue Cube at Onizuka AFB C. Hall, Randolph 228 chall@aoe.vt.edu

16. Here you can see the “Cube”, the annexes, several of the dishes, and the very small parking lot. C. Hall, Randolph 228 chall@aoe.vt.edu

17. Space Surveillance • Detecting, tracking, cataloging and identifying objects orbiting Earth • active and inactive satellites, spent rocket bodies, debris • Predict space object reentry to prevent false alarms • Chart the present position of space objects and plot orbital paths • Detect new objects in space and determine country of origin • Inform NASA whether objects may interfere with space shuttle's orbit • The Space Control Center tracks about 8,000 + artificial objects, softball-size and larger, orbiting Earth. About seven percent of these objects are operational satellites, 15 percent are rocket bodies, and the remainder are fragmentation and inactive satellites. C. Hall, Randolph 228 chall@aoe.vt.edu

18. Army’s KE-ASat • Kinetic Energy Anti-Satellite System • Boeing is prime contractor • $205M from FY96-FY99 • By 2000, there will be 10 KE-ASATs ready for use • Other ASAT programs, here and abroad C. Hall, Randolph 228 chall@aoe.vt.edu

19. National Reconnaissance Office “Responsible for … engineering, development and acquisition, and operation of space reconnaissance systems and related intelligence activities” • Headed by Assistant Secretary of the Air Force for Space (Keith Hall) • Joint AF-CIA office formed in 1960-1961 • Declassified in September 1992 • WWW-site: http://www.nro.odci.gov/ C. Hall, Randolph 228 chall@aoe.vt.edu

20. C. Hall, Randolph 228 chall@aoe.vt.edu

21. NRO’s Corona • 28 February 1959 # 1 CORONA test launch attempt • 12 August 1960 #13 1st successful recovery from space • 18 August 1960 #14 Took 1st image from space • 25 May 1972 #145, last CORONA, launched • 31 May 1972 Last images of the series taken • 24 February 1995 Executive Order declassifying CORONA • 24 May 1995 Ceremonies at Central Intelligence Agency and National Air & Space Museum • Historic "Firsts” • 1st photo reconnaissance satellite in the world • 1st mid-air recovery of a vehicle returning from space • 1st mapping of earth from space • 1st stereo-optical data from space • 1st multiple reentry vehicles from space • 1st reconnaissance program to fly 100 missions C. Hall, Randolph 228 chall@aoe.vt.edu

22. Corona System Components Imaging resolution originally 8 meters improved to 2 meters Individual images covered approximately 10 miles by 120 miles Operated nearly 12 yrs Over 800,000 images taken from space 2.1 million feet of film in 39,000 cans C. Hall, Randolph 228 chall@aoe.vt.edu

23. C. Hall, Randolph 228 chall@aoe.vt.edu

24. Gulf War and Space(a quiz) • Desert Storm was The “First Space War” • What military space systems were involved? • What ground systems were used with them? • What specific applications of military space systems can be identified? • What limitations were identified in using space? • What non-space systems were available for use in this conflict and how were terrestrial or airborne systems integrated with space systems? • What systems provided similar capabilities for the Iraqis? • What contributions did these military space systems make? C. Hall, Randolph 228 chall@aoe.vt.edu