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Coastal Change and Conflict Revision Revise the topic Practice exam technique

Coastal Change and Conflict Revision Revise the topic Practice exam technique. Name the features. Would you find them on a hard or soft rock coast?. Name the features. Would you find them on a hard or soft rock coast?. Are they erosional or depositional land forms?. Erosional. Hard rock.

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Coastal Change and Conflict Revision Revise the topic Practice exam technique

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  1. Coastal Change and Conflict Revision Revise the topic Practice exam technique

  2. Name the features. Would you find them on a hard or soft rock coast?

  3. Name the features. Would you find them on a hard or soft rock coast? Are they erosional or depositional land forms? Erosional Hard rock Erosional Soft rock Erosional Hard rock Erosional Hard rock Depositional Both Erosional Hard rock Depositional Both Depositional Both

  4. Describe how these features formed.You may use a diagram to help you. (4)

  5. Joints are small, natural cracks, found in many rocks. • Faults are larger cracks caused in the past by tectonic movements. • Weak areas erode fastest. Bay Headland (with stacks, etc), e.g. the Old Harry Rocks Discordant coastline. Bay Concordant coastline Coves form here, e.g. Lulworth Cove

  6. Name three types of erosion.What do they do?

  7. Wave Action Types of Wave

  8. Types of Erosion Water is forced into cracks in the rock. This compresses the air. When the wave retreats the compressed air blasts out. This can force the rock apart. This is called hydraulic action. Loose rocks, called sediment, are thrown against the cliff by waves. This wears the cliff away and chips bits of rocks off the cliff. This is called abrasion. Waves crashing against cliff Cliff Loose sediment knocked off the cliff by hydraulic action and abrasion is swirled around by waves. It constantly collides with other sediment, and gradually gets worn down into smaller, and rounded sediment. This is called attrition.

  9. Longshore Drift (LSD) Longshore Drift Beach Beach builds up Waves Waves Sea

  10. What features are formed by longshore drift? Beaches Spits Tombolos Bars

  11. Sub-aerial Processes

  12. Rotational Slumping Saturation by rainfall Rotational slump Erosion by waves

  13. Rising Sea Levels Many scientist fear that global warming will cause sea levels to rise. How much they will rise by is not known, but there are estimates of between 30 cm and 100 cm by the year 2100. • Sea level is rising today, as the sea is warming up and expanding. • Melting ice sheets are likely to speed up the rise. For people who live on very low-lying land next to the sea, this could spell trouble. There are many areas around the world at risk: • In Bangladesh, if sea levels rose by 100 cm,up to 15% of the country might be flooded. • In the UK, London and Essex are at risk, because they are low-lying. • Many small coral islands in the Pacific and Indian Oceans, like the Maldives and Tuvalu could disappear underwater. 15% 100 cm 100 cm 2100 30 cm 15 cm London Maldives Tuvalu Bangladesh UK Pacific Indian Essex New York

  14. Flood Risk

  15. The New Forest CoastAn example of rapid coastal retreat and conflicting views about management

  16. The New Forest CoastAn example of rapid coastal retreat and conflicting views about management

  17. Hard or Soft Engineering? Sea wall Beach nourishment Cliff regrading Revetments Groynes Rip-rap Off-shore reefs Managed retreat

  18. Hard or Soft Engineering? Sea wall Beach nourishment Cliff regrading Revetments Groynes Rip-rap Off-shore reefs Managed retreat

  19. Coastal Management

  20. Sustainability • Sustainable management – meeting the needs of people now and in the future, and limiting harm to the environment. • Doing nothing is sustainable because no additional resources will be needed. • Building defences in option 1 and 2 is a lot less sustainable because it would involve building extensive concrete and steel defences against the sea. • Option 3, the strategic retreat (managed realignment), would involve some additional resources such as an extra field for caravan sites and holiday homes, but it would probably be less environmentally damaging that options 1 and 2.

  21. Exam Question Study Figure 1. • Name the landforms labelled A and B. (1) • Describe how these landforms may have been formed. (3) A B Figure 1

  22. Exam Question (c) Using named examples, explain how coastal management choices can cause conflict at the coast. (5)

  23. Describe how these landforms may have been formed. (2) Wave power is concentrated at the base of a cliff, where abrasion forms a wave-cut notch. Above this notch there is an overhang. As the notch grows, the overhanging cliff become… unstable and eventually collapses. The resulting pile of rock debris at the base of the cliff…. protects the cliff from further erosion. Over time, the loose rock is eroded by attrition, …...… exposing the cliff to erosion again.

  24. Using named examples, explain how coastal management choices can cause conflict at the coast. (5)

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