The history of film

1. The history of film The history of film is a very hard thing to define, there have been so many leaps and bounds made which developed how we saw films and what kind of things we could achieve. For example no one in at the beginning of the 19th century would have though a film like avatar would ever be able to happen let alone think about that kind of technology. It was towards the middle of the 18th century when the ideas of moving images started to appear and that’s when film as we know it today began

2. Early development 1834 Another toy, the Zoetrope was brought about by William George Horner. The Zoetrope originally called Daedalum “ wheel of the Devil" uses the same kind of idea as the Phenakistoscope but instead of two discs the pictures and slots are actually made into a round drum, it still had the same effect but was a lot better 1878- After five year Eadweard Muybridge is bale to capture movement. In 1873 he was asked by Leland Stanford to help prove if horses hooves left the ground when they galloped. How he did it was he set up twelve cameras all connected to trip wires and as the horse tripped each wire each camera took a picture. This is when he created his Zoopraxiscope 1832- Joseph Plateau and his sons introduce to us the Phenakistoscope, also know as the “spindle viewer”. The Phenakistoscope was one of the more successful optical toys. Pictures on one discs and slots on another gave the illusion of movement when the two and spun and it is watched in a mirror 1877 Emile Reynaud gave us the Praxinoscope. It was similar to the Zoetrope, the illusion of motion was created by mirrors in the middle instead of slots which made it a lot smoother and still allowed more than one person to view it. http://www.earlycinema.com/timeline/index.html

3. 1891 Edison has his Kinetograph camera and Kinetoscope viewing box ready for presenting. Using Eastman film cut into wide strips, he punched four holes in either side of each letting toothed components to pull the film through the camera. 1888 Thomas A. Edison, decides to design machines for making and screening moving pictures.. Edison began experimenting with changing the phonograph and tried in vain to make rows of tiny photographs on similar cylinders. 1882 Reynaud's develops on his Praxinoscope and using mirrors and a lantern he will soon be projecting moving drawings onto a screen large screen. 1889 Reynaud displays a much larger version of his Praxinoscope. http://www.earlycinema.com/timeline/index.html

4. http://www.guardian.co.uk/film/2009/aug/20/3d-film-history 1894 The Lumière family is the biggest manufacturer of photographic plates in Europe A Local kinetoscope exhibitor asks brothers Louis and Auguste to make films which are cheaper than the ones sold by Edison. This is how the Cinématographe came around. 1895 The first film shot with the Cinématographe camera is La Sortie de l'usine Lumière a Lyon. It was shown in public at a meeting of the Societe d'Encouragement a l'industrie Nationale in Paris 1894 William Friese Greene files a application for a 3D viewing process using two screens side by side, united in the viewer's eye by a cumbersome stereoscope headset. As with all his endeavours, he is ahead of his audience by about 30 years. 1893 Edison builds a studio on the grounds of his laboratorys in New Jersey, to make films for their kinetoscope. It was names The Black Maria.. http://www.earlycinema.com/timeline/index.html

5. 1900 British filmmaker James Williamson produces "The Big Swallow" which demonstrated the ingenuity of the Brighton School (of filmmakers) of which he and George Smith were principle contributors 1903 British film maker George Smith makes Mary Janes Mishap which was praised for its so advanced use of editing. The film uses medium close-ups to get the audiences attention contrasted with wide establishing shots. The film also has wipes which showed a scene change. 1897 the American Mutoscope Company become the most popular film company in America - projecting films the peephole Mutoscope http://www.earlycinema.com/timeline/index.html

9. Phenakistoscope Back to timeline The Phenakistoscope is made up of two different discs attached on the same bit. The first disc has slots around the edge, and the second has drawings on it of an action, each drawing is slightly different and when moved the blur together to create the full action. When watched in a mirror through the slots, the drawings look like the are moving and going through the action.  After is was sold widely is gained many other names like the Phantasmascope and Fantoscope.  It sold well for two years until the zoetrope was invented, It was able to give the public and better viewing experience.  One you didn’t need a mirror to watch it and second more that one person could watch it at the same time. http://courses.ncssm.edu/gallery/collections/toys/html/exhibit07.htm

10. Zoetrope Back to timeline The Zoetrope is based on the Phenakistoscope, but is a lot better because you don’t need a mirror to view it and more than one person can view it at once. For some reason eryone forgot about it for nearly 30 year till in 1867 it became 1867, when it became popular again in England by M. Bradley and America William F. Lincoln. Lincoln decided to change the name and called it "zoetrope," meaning “wheel of life."  It is made of a drum without a lid and is placed on something that enables it to spin freely. Like the Phenakistoscope it has hand drawn pictures creating an action, they are draw on a long bit of paper hich is then placed around the bottom of the inside of the drum. Just like the Phenakistoscope it has slots and they are cut above where each drawing is. To create the illusion of movement, you spin the drum. The faster you spin it the smoother the image looks. You can look at the images from anywhere around the Zoetrope and as I’ve said this enables more than one person to watch it at once. When the praxinoscope was created people became less and less interested. The praxinoscope produced a much better, brighter and clearer picture http://courses.ncssm.edu/gallery/collections/toys/html/exhibit10.htm

11. Praxinoscope Back to timeline With in creation of the Praxinoscope by Charles-Émile Reynaud all previous optical toy became somewhat inferior to his creation. It was the first toy to find a way past the way the image was always full of gaps caused by watching it through the slots. The picture produced a lot more clearer and sharper than it’s predecessors. Because of how well you were able to view the image and still bale to have more than one person viewing at once it became popular and overthrew the zoetrope. It works by getting a strip of pictures show yet again an action in progression and placing it inside the drum so the picture is reflected by the mirrors in the centre. The number of mirrors is the same to the number of pictures on the strip, which allows for the pictures to be seen in the mirror. Like the Zoetrope when the drum is spun the images seem to be moving, but seeing as it is seen in a mirror you see it a lot smoother and brighter giving the viewer a clearer image. http://courses.ncssm.edu/gallery/collections/toys/html/exhibit11.htm

12. Eadweard Muybridge Back to timeline Eadweard Muybridge was an English photographer important for his revolutionary work in photography of motion and in motion-picture projection. Zoopraxiscope The original Zoopraxiscope for 16 inch discs ha a group of shutters with slots in each one having a different number which allowed for different kind of effects. The glass discs are bordered in a leather type paper and have a circle of the same material in the center and a hole in the middle so I can be put in the machine. The discs have paintings on them most are black silhouettes only some have detail . Only one disc has photo’s on it, the disc of a "galloping" horse skeleton. They are photographs of a horse skeleton stood in different positions the when moved quickly show the horse moving http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/399928/Eadweard-Muybridge

13. Back to timeline Kinetoscope and Kinetograph

14. Cinématographe Back to timeline Louis and Auguste designed a camera which was both a recording tool and a projecting tool. They called it the Cinématographe. It used flexible film cut into 35mm wide strips and used an intermittent mechanism modeled on the sewing machine. The Kinetograph - Edison’s camera - was confined, in general, to the 'Black Maria' Studio in Edison’s Laboratory grounds; in contrast the Cinématographe had no such constraints and could be taken almost anywhere thanks to its lightweight design. In addition was its method of presentation and the combination of all the basic elements needed to record and project motion pictures in one box. Like Edison the Lumières used 35mm film but unlike Edison opted for a film speed of 16 fps as opposed to the 46 fps chosen by Edison. In addition, the Lumières were quick to patent their Cinématographe abroad (Edison’s failure to do so in Britain had led to copies made by Robert Paul). To promote their new invention Auguste planned a clever publicity programme of several private screenings which generated much public interest and speculation before the official unveiling on December 28th 1895 at the Grand Cafe on Paris's Boulevard Des Capucines. http://www.earlycinema.com/technology/cinematographe.html

15. Charlie Chaplin 16 April 1889 – 25 December 1977

16. Alfred Hitchcock 13 August 1899 – 29 April 1980

17. Steven Spielberg December 18, 1946

18. Tim Burton August 25, 1958