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Tour of the Cell Part 2

Tour of the Cell Part 2. +. From food to making Energy. Cells must convert incoming energy to forms that they can use for work mitochondria : from glucose to ATP chloroplasts : from sunlight to ATP & carbohydrates ATP = immediate energy carbohydrates = stored energy. ATP. ATP.

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Tour of the Cell Part 2

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  1. Tour of the CellPart 2

  2. + From food to making Energy • Cells must convert incoming energy to forms that they can use for work • mitochondria: from glucose to ATP • chloroplasts: from sunlight to ATP & carbohydrates • ATP = immediate energy • carbohydrates = stored energy ATP ATP

  3. Lynn Margulis U of M, Amherst Mitochondria & Chloroplasts • Important to see the similarities • transform energy • generate ATP • double membranes = 2 membranes • semi-autonomous organelles • move, change shape, divide • internal ribosomes, DNA & enzymes

  4. glucose + oxygen  carbon + water + energy  C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP dioxide Membrane-bound Enzymes

  5. + water + energy  glucose + oxygen carbon dioxide light energy  6CO2 + 6H2O + + 6O2 C6H12O6 Membrane-bound Enzymes

  6. Mitochondria are everywhere!! animal cells plant cells

  7. Cells gotta live! • What jobs do cells have to do? • building proteins • proteins control everycell function • make energy • for daily life • for growth • build more cells • growth • reproduction • repair

  8. Cytoskeleton • Function • structural support • maintains shape of cell • provides anchorage for organelles • protein fibers • microfilaments, intermediate filaments, microtubules • motility • cell locomotion • cilia, flagella, etc. • regulation • organizes structures & activities of cell

  9. Cytoskeleton • actin • microtubule • nuclei

  10. Centrioles • Cell division • in animal cells, pair of centriolesorganize microtubules • guide chromosomes in mitosis

  11. Cell Size

  12. Limits to cell size • Lower limit • smallest bacteria • mycoplasmas • 0.1 to 1.0 micron (µm = micrometer) • most bacteria • 1-10 microns • Upper limit • eukaryotic cells • 10-100 microns • micron = micrometer = 1/1,000,000 meter • diameter of human hair = ~20 microns

  13. What limits cell size? • Surface to volume ratio • as cell gets bigger its volume increases faster than its surface area • smaller objects have greaterratio of surface area to volume Why is a hugesingle-celledcreature notpossible? 6:1 ~1:1 6:1 s:v

  14. aa aa CH NH3 CHO CHO CO2 CO2 NH3 O2 O2 NH3 aa CO2 aa CH O2 Limits to cell size • Metabolic requirements set upper limit • in large cell, cannot move material in & out of cell fast enough to support life What process is this? aa O2 CH CHO CO2 aa NH3 CHO CH O2 aa What’s the solution?

  15. CO2 CO2 O2 NH3 aa NH3 CO2 NH3 CO2 CO2 NH3 O2 NH3 CO2 CO2 CO2 aa NH3 NH3 NH3 CHO CO2 CO2 aa CH How to get bigger? • Become multicellular (cell divides) But what challenges do you have to solve now? aa O2 CH CHO CO2 aa NH3 CHO CH O2 aa

  16. Phospholipid Cholesterol Membrane proteins Cell membrane • Exchange structure • plasma membrane functions as selective barrier • allows passage of O2 & nutrients IN • allows passage of products & wastes OUT

  17. Any Questions??

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