Survey of Church History

1. Survey of Church History Page 241

2. The 12 periods of Church History are: • 1. Era of the Gospel 4 B.C. – 33 A.D. • 2. Era of the New Testament 33 – 100 A.D. • Early Apostolic 33 -70 A.D. • •Late Apostolic 70-100 A.D. • 3. Era of the Universal “Catholic” Church 100 – 312 A.D. • 4. Era of the “Christian” Roman Empire 312 – 590 A.D. • 5. Era of the Medieval Church 590 – 800 A.D. • 6. Era of the Holy Roman Empire 800 – 1054 A.D. • 7. Era of the Crusades 1054 – 1305 A.D. • 8. Era of the Renaissance and Rise of Nation-States 1305 – 1517 A.D. • 9. Era of the Reformation 1517 – 1648 A.D. • 10. Era of Rationalism and Revival 1648 – 1789 A.D. • 11. Era of Liberalism, Progress and Missions 1789 – 1914 A.D. • 12. Era of Modern Ideologies, Secularism, and Humanism 1914 – present

3. The Era of Liberalism, Progress and Missions • In religion, this era generally moved people: • away from God and toward humanism. • from Bible-centered authority to man-centered authority. • from conservative orthodoxy to liberal theology.

4. Changed France’s governmental structure from the monarchy, aristocracy, and Catholic clergy in power, to citizen control. Led to a republican form of government (representation and vote). Was accompanied by violent turmoil, including executions (guillotine) and repression during the “Reign of Terror.

5. Included warfare involving every major power in Europe. Led to Napoleon Bonaparte becoming dictator in 1799 and eventually proclaiming himself emperor in 1804. When Bonaparte became emperor, the republican phase of the revolution ended.

6. Main causes of the revolution: • Desire for liberty among the masses. • Louis XV had led France to the verge of bankruptcy. • Inequality in the tax system. • The Roman Catholic Church, the largest landowner in the country, placed a heavy tax on crops. Therefore, the poor became desperate.

7. Main causes of the revolution (cont.): • The greed and material consumption of the aristocracy (i.e. Marie Antoinette in Versailles) • High unemployment • Inflation of food prices

8. Main causes of the revolution (cont.): • Widespread famine and malnutrition. (Some historians attribute the famine to a stretch of colder climate combined with France’s failure to adopt the potato as the main crop.) • Lack of international trade.

9. Louis XIV (1643-1715) The corrupt French kings were Catholic in name only and were epitomized by Louis XIV who brought France to the edge of financial ruin by his extravagant and unwise policies.

10. Louis XVI (1754-1793) In 1789 King Louis XVI called the French National Assembly into session for the first time in almost 20 years. The Estates General was made up of three groups – clergy, nobility, and commoners. The Third Estate, the common people, seized control and used the angry mobs in Paris as a political/military force.

11. The storming of the Bastille The Bastille prison was stormed (that held seven prisoners at the time), and a bloody revolution followed which saw the influence of the nobility crushed, the power of the King decreased, and papal influence shattered.

12. More on The Bastille • A fortress prison in Paris • Was built during the “Hundred Years War”. • First used as a fort to defend the east end of Paris. • After the war, it was used as a state prison. • The storming of the Bastille on July 14, 1789 marks the beginning of the French Revolution. • A mob broke in to remove guns and gunpowder. • Later, the governor and some of the guards of Bastille surrendered under a flag of truce. • Unfortunately, they were beheaded and their heads were paraded around Paris on spears.

13. The execution of Louis XVI France was declared a republic in 1792 and Louis XVI was executed in 1793.

14. Pope Pius VI (1717-1799) In 1795, Pope Pius VI gained the help of other European leaders to field an army against France.

15. Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821) Napoleon Bonaparte defeated the alliance, took Rome in 1798, and put the Pope in prison in France.

16. Pius VII (1740-1823) Napoleon realized, however, that many Frenchman were Catholic and negotiated with the next Pope (Pius VII; 1800-1820) to restore Roman Catholicism to France.

17. British Empire in 1897 (in pink)

19. James Watt (1736-1819) The invention of the steam engine by Scottish engineer James Watt represents the progress of the era. It would have a profound effect on the political, economic, social, and religious scene.

20. The Industrial Revolution

21. Marx and Engels Onto this scene came a couple of men who would impact the world dramatically for hundreds of years as they promoted a new philosophy of government and life which was anti-God, anti-religion but pro-people, especially the working masses. The men were Karl Marx (1818-1883), a German-Jewish philosopher, and Friedrich Engels (1820-1895), the son of a rich German factory owner.

22. In 1848 Marx and Engels published the Communist Manifesto.

23. George Hegel (1770-1831) Marx and Engels had come under the influence of the German socialistic philosopher George Hegel who conceived of God as an absolute being of mind or spirit who was in the dynamic process of evolving.

24. Das Kapital, published in 1867, was perhaps Marx’ most influential work. It was a critical analysis of capitalism.

25. In Das Kapital, Marx stated that the driving force of capitalism was the exploitation of labor for profit and surplus.

26. The Congress of Vienna in 1815 The Congress of Vienna (to draw up a new Europe after Napoleon's defeat) effectively ended the French Revolution. The Roman Church saw some measure of restoration to power.

27. Pope Pius IX (1792-1878) • Pope Pius IX led the way to establishing the ultimate authority of the Pope in the Roman Church through a series of declarations of doctrinal dogma for Catholics: • in 1854, the Immaculate Conception of Mary was declared (that she was conceived sinless) which had to be believed for salvation. • in 1863, the idea that salvation is only through the Catholic Church was advanced.

28. Pope Pius IX (1792-1878) • (Cont.): • in 1864, the Pope condemned toleration in religion, separation of Church and State, socialism, Bible societies, secular schools, and public education. • in 1870, by decree the First Vatican Council declared the infallibility of the Pope.

29. Johann Von Dollinger (1799-1890) Public and political sentiment ran strongly against the Popes from 1870 forward. Even among Catholics the doctrine of papal infallibility was not accepted by all. In 1871, the “Old Catholic Church” was founded in protest as a split-off by Johann Von Dollinger. The “Old Catholic Church” is still active today.

30. Old Catholic Church beliefs and values: Rejection of the infallibility of the Pope Open communion (non-members can receive Holy Communion) Rejection of all new creeds Desire to return to ancient Catholicism

31. Pope Leo XIII (1810-1903) Pope Leo XIII continued to oppose the power of the national states in Germany and elsewhere. He tried to assert both the moral and political rights of the Church over the people and the State.

32. Pope Pius X (1835-1914) Pope Pius X (reigning from 1903-1914) condemned liberal theology and liberalism in politics. Doctrinally, the Roman Church thwarted liberalism within its own ranks but had forever lost its exclusive control on both the Church and the State.

33. John Newton and William Cowper The spiritual impact in the Anglican Church between 1790 and 1830 was created not only by the Clapham society but by other evangelicals such as John Newton (1725-1807), the great hymn writer (Amazing Grace), and William Cowper(1731-1800), another significant hymn writer.

34. John Venn (1759-1833) • John Venn was the “spiritual father” of the evangelical movement which produced social reform in a number of areas: • Missionary societies were formed. • Bible societies were founded. • Prison ministries were initiated. • Literature/tract ministries were started. • British slave trade was abolished.

35. William Wilberforce (1759-1833) Perhaps this last contribution was the most important. William Wilberforce was a member of the Clapham Society who organized the Christian/evangelical opposition to slave trade within the British Empire and took his case to Parliament.

36. Lord Shaftsbury (1801-1885) Reform measures in the factories and working places were promoted by other evangelicals such as Lord Shaftsbury, who succeeded in passing legislation protecting working children and women.

37. Table Discussion What part, if any, should the church play in social reforms? What is the most effective approach?

38. Charles Kingsley (1819-1875) Yet even within the Anglican Church the “Broad Church Movement” produced liberal theology and a “social, watered down” Gospel under the influence of liberal thinkers. Charles Kingsley was a representative leader.

39. Most of the leaders of the Oxford Movement were members of Oxford University (above).

40. John Keble (1792–1866) The leaders of the Oxford movement were men such as: 1. John Keble

41. Edward Pusey (1800-1882) The leaders of the Oxford movement were men such as: 2. Edward Pusey

42. John Henry Newman (1801-1890) The leaders of the Oxford movement were men such as: 2. John Henry Newman

43. The Oxford - high church Movement sought to re-establish a modified Roman Catholicism (purified from abuses) in the Anglican Church by: • emphasizing church sacraments, ritual, and colorful liturgy • teaching: • – apostolic succession • – baptismal regeneration • – the physical presence of Christ in the Mass • – the doctrine of the early Church Fathers.

44. John Henry Newman actually became a Catholic, and the force of the movement encountered strong opposition from the Bishop. But the “high church” view stayed in the Anglican Church and is sometimes known as the Anglo-Catholic position.

45. William Booth (1829-1912) The Salvation Army was founded by William Booth in 1878 to preach the Gospel and meet the social and economic needs of the less fortunate of society.

46. The Salvation Army Today Headquartered in London, England Works in 120 countries Focused on reaching the poor, destitute and hungry Methods and ministries include: Music, disaster relief, thrift shops to raise money for charity, Family Tracing Service (to find missing family members), youth groups, etc.

47. John Darby (1800-1882) The Plymouth Brethren were founded by John Darby in 1831 in Dublin, Ireland. They had a strong emphasis on the Holy Spirit, the priesthood of the believer, and the study of Scriptures. They opposed ordained ministers.

48. George Mueller (1805-98) George Mueller (1805-98) founded a great Christian orphanagesin Bristol. He cared for more than 10,000 children during his life. He is also know as a man of great faith concerning the ongoing need for financial support for the orphanages.

49. George Williams (1821-1905) The YMCA was founded in 1844 by George Williams to meet the needs of Christian young men for housing, exercise, and a wholesome social life in the overflowing cities.

50. Charles H. Spurgeon (1834-92) Charles H. Spurgeon preached the Gospel powerfully in London’s Metropolitan Tabernacle and founded a pastor’s college.