MICROBIOLOGY – ALCAMO

1. MICROBIOLOGY – ALCAMO LECTURE: Specific Immune System B Cells & T Cells

2. Specific Immune System • Late 1800’s: • not sure how body responded to ________ • knew there were certain ________ in blood involved (Bence Jones proteins) • 1922: • these ________ were unlike other serum ________

3. Specific Immune System • 1950’s: • post-war explosion in biological research • realized that ________ ________ applied to disease, organ transplant, allergies, resistance to cancer • 1960’s: • structure of ________ ________ • maturing of ________ as a key scientific discipline

4. Specific Immune System • Last ________ mechanism of the body • failure to beat the invader means death • “Man to Man” defense against ________ • Specific immune system cells: • Only ________ – type of WBC

5. Antigens • Substances capable of mobilizing the ________ ________ and provoking immune responses • Large ________ ________ not normally present in the body • They are anything ________ : Mo’s, Cells, Cells containing MO’s, or chemicals • ________ – small area of antigen that stimulates the immune response

6. Antigens • Exhibit 2 important properties: • _______________– ability to stimulate the proliferation of the immune system cells • ________ – ability to react with the products of the immune system cells or the immune system cells themselves

7. Antigens • ________ ________ ________– before birth, the proteins and polysaccharides of the body contact and inactivate immune system cells • These substances are now seen as “________” and will be tolerated by immune system

8. Origins of Immune System • General term for a complex series of cells, factors, and processes that provide a ________ ________ to antigens • ______________ – the cornerstone of the immune system: • Spread throughout the body • Small cells (10-20 um) with a large nucleus • Can be ____________ or ____________

9. Origins of Immune System • Immune system arises in a ________ ~ 2 months after conception • Lymphocytes arise from precursor cells in the bone marrow (________ ________) • Stem cells can be: • ______________ – become RBC’s • ______________ – become WBC’s

12. T Lymphocytes Original cells from ________ ________ • Memory programmed in ________ ________ • Circulate in blood, colonize lymph tissue • Interact directly with ________ marked cells and destroy them • ________ : Infected body cells, fungi, protozoa, cancer, transplants

13. T Lymphocytes 2 “T” cell types (total 4 “T” Cells) • ________ ________ ________ : • ________ T - worker • Delayed Sensitivity T - allergies • ________ ________ ________ : • ________ – don’t kill • ___________ – lower immune response • Active chemical: Lymphokines ( a group of glycoproteins)

14. T Lymphocytes Process • ________ ________ finds antigen in tissue (cell’s surface looks different if infected) • Brings it to lymph tissue containing ________ ________(spleen or lymph node) • May remember ________ • If “Yes” • If “No” • Cell ________ Immunity (CMI)

15. T Lymphocytes If “Yes” • ________ 2 Cell Types • ________ ________ and • ________ ________ which makes lymphokines • Lymphokines kill or inactivate ________ and ________phagocytosis Back

16. T Lymphocytes If “NO” • In ________, program ________ T cells for antigen memory • To ________ tissue in nearest war zone • Now: ________ ________ T and Killer T Back

17. B Lymphocytes Profile • Original cells from ________ ________ • Memory programmed in bone marrow • Circulate in blood and colonize ________ ________ • ________ : Bacteria, Viruses, Chemicals • Active chemical: ________

18. B Lymphocytes Process • ________ cell finds antigen in blood • Brings it to lymph tissue containing ________ ________ ________ • May remember ________ from before • We all have 1,000s of memory B cells • If “YES” • IF “NO”

19. B Lymphocytes • If “Yes”: • ________ 2 cell types • ________ ________ ll (so it won’t forget) and plasma cell to make ________ (2,000 molecules/sec/cell 4-5 days) • Antibodies kill or inactivate ________ and stimulate ______________ Back

20. B Lymphocytes • If “No”: • ________ ________ ________ in bone marrow program for antigen memory to lymph tissue nearest “war zone” • Now clone ________ and ________ cells Back

21. B Lymphocytes Process (continued) • ________ : Stimulate complement proteins to attack • ________ and ________ clean up • Antibody Mediated Immunity (AMI)

25. Antibodies • Edelman and Porter described the structure of antibodies (1972) • Basic ________ Protein: • Has 4 ________ chains • 2 identical heavy chains (400 AA) • 2 identical light chains (200 AA) • Joined together by disulfide bonds to form a “___” ________ ________ • Is called a ________ and has 2 identical halves (1 heavy and 1 light chain each)

26. Antibodies • Have ________ and ________ regions • Constant regions – ________ in all antibodies (AB) • Variable regions – ________among 100’s of thousands of different AB • Form a very specific, ________ ________ • Uniquely shaped to “fit” a ________ ________ • Each arm can bind an ________

28. Types of antibodies • Five Types – based on differences in heavy chain: • 1. ________ – five monomers joined to form a pentamer, First AB to appear after stimulation of ________ • 2. ________– monomer, the major AB in the blood that appears ________ ________ antigen appears, provides ________ ________ resistance, crosses placenta to give immunity to ________

29. Types of antibodies • Five Types – based on differences in heavy chain: • 3. ________ – dimer shaped AB that accumulates in ________ ________ in respiratory and GI tracts, in tears and saliva, and in the 1st milk secreted by a ________ ________ • 4. ________ – monomer that is involved in ________ reactions • 5. ________– monomer – function unknown

32. Antigen antibody Interaction • Neutralizing AB’s – react with viral capsids and ________ entry into cells • Antitoxins – ________ toxin molecules released by antigen • Agglutinins – ________ ________ of antigens and enhances phagocytosis • Precipitins – ________with dissolved antigens and ________ them to solids