Decolonization and the Cold War

1. Decolonization and the Cold War

2. Decolonization

3. Independence of Asia and Africa • World War II led to end of European imperialism in India, Indochina, Africa, and Indonesia • Called decolonization • Nazi Germany and imperial Japan had discredited imperialistic beliefs • Can’t fight for democracy in Europe and deny it to Africa and Asia… • Most Europeans exhausted of warfare • Not always bloodless though…

4. Decolonization in India • First country to achieve independence in post-war period • Independence movement started in late 19th century • Formed in 1885 Indian National Congress main organization dedicated to independence • Mohandas Gandhi, leader of the Congress, used non-violence

5. Decolonization in India • Non-violence • Gandhi was a pacifist • Used passive resistance where Indians passively suffered British beating and violence without fighting back • Civil disobedience • Disobey unjust British laws • Salt March– protest British salt tax • Also conducted fasts and refused to work for the British • Indians jailed in ever-increasing numbers • Cottage industries • Boycott British-made cotton goods and buy goods made in India • Rebuild India’s industries and raise living standards

6. Decolonization in India • Indian hoped for independence after WWI but were denied • Winston Churchill one of the opponents • Gandhi refused to support British in WWII • Many Indians still fought in WWII in Germany and Japan • British leaders recognized they could no longer resist • India given independence in 1947

7. Decolonization in India • British delay independence because of fear of violence between Hindus and Muslims • Muslin leaders led by Mohammed Ali Jinnah told British wanted separate Muslim state • Independence given in 1947 and put into two nations – India and Pakistan • India – Hindu; Pakistan – Muslim

8. Decolonization in India • Because of large Muslim populations in east and west, Pakistan became divided • Hindu India in the middle and over 1,000 miles • Millions moved after independence granted • Thousands killed in riots during mass migrations because of religious prejudices

9. Decolonization in Southeast Asia • Dutch ruled East Indies, Britain ruled Burma and Malay Peninsula, and France most of Indochina • Nationalist feelings spread from India • Japan kicked out Europeans and nationalist leaders expected full independence

10. Decolonization in Southeast Asia • Philippines • US owned islands in Pacific • Given independence in 1946 • Burma and Malaysia • Given independence from Great Britain in 1948

11. Decolonization in Southeast Asia • Indonesia • Declared independence in 1945 but had to fight Dutch troops until 1949when Netherlands finally recognized Indonesia independence • Vietnam • Guerillas, led by Ho Chi Minh, began war with French and won independence in 1954 • Vietnam divided in two – Communist state in north and pro-western state in the south • We will be returning to Vietnam…

12. The Middle East and North Africa • Egypt • Britain gave Egypt independence in 1922 • British troops in Egypt to protect Suez Canal and King of Egypt a British puppet • Gamel Nasseroverthrew Egyptian King in 1953

13. The Middle East and North Africa • Saudi Arabia became independent during inter-war period (between WWI and WWII) • After WWII, France gave independence to Tunisia, Libya, Lebanon, and Syria

14. The Middle East and North Africa • Algeria • Over 1 million Frenchmen in Algeria • Assumed Algeria would became a part of France • 1954 – Algerian nationalists launched violent struggle for independence • French army fought for almost 8 years • Algeria gained independence in 1962, and French settlers fled the country

15. The Middle East and North Africa • Palestine and Transjordan • 1917 – British promised Jewish homeland in Palestine(Balfour Declaration) • Many Arabs viewed Zionism (migration of Jews to Palestine) as a form of European imperialism • Limited Jewish emigration to Palestine to prevent Arab uprising • After Holocaust many Jews wanted to migrate to Palestine • British feared end of colonial rule would lead to civil war • Brought problem to UN

16. Arab-Israeli Conflict • Arab-Israeli Conflict • Jewish immigration to Palestine had swelled during 1930s-40s due to Nazi persecution • Arabs opposed admitting more Jews • 1948 – Britain gave up control of Palestine

17. Arab-Israeli Conflict • UN decided to create two states – Israel (for Jews) and West Bank and Gaza Strip (for Arabs) • Existence became (and still is) a central political issue in the Middle East

18. Arab-Israeli Conflict • Israel’s War for Independence • 1948 – five neighboring Arab countries rejected Israel • Launched an attack and were defeated • Jordan seized the West Bank, Egypt took the Gaza Strip, and Israel took slices from each • Many Palestinians fled and became refugees in neighboring Arab lands

19. Arab-Israeli Conflict • Suez Canal Crisis of 1956 • Gamel Abdul Nasser nationalized the Suez Canal and closed it to Israel • Britain, France, and Israel invaded Egypt • US and Soviet Union demanded they stop

20. Arab-Israeli Conflict • Six Day War • 1967 – Israel defeated enemies in 6 days and acquired the Gaza Strip and Sinai Peninsula, the West Bank, and Golan Heights • Yom Kippur War (1973) • Egypt and Syria launched surprised attack on Jewish holiday • Israel repelled Arab forces and kept Sinai Peninsula from Egypt

21. Arab-Israeli Conflict • OPEC and Oil • 1970 – oil producing countries formed Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) • During 1973 war with Israel, Persian Gulf countries refused to sell oil to Israel-friendly countries • Higher oil prices led to greater wealth and influence for them

22. Arab-Israeli Conflict • Camp David Accords (1978) • Egyptian President Anwar al-Sadat and Israel Prime Minister Menachim Begin visited President Carter in Camp David • Agreed Israel would return Sinai Peninsula to Egypt in exchange for peace • Other Arab countries denounced agreement and broke off diplomatic relations with Egypt • 1981 – Arab extremists assassinated President Sadat

23. Arab-Israeli Conflict • Israel and the Palestinians • PLO • 1964 – Palestinian Arabs formed Palestinian Liberation Organization • Refused to recognize Israel and vowed to win back homeland • Terrorism • 1960s and 1970s PLO used terrorism as a weapon • Some Palestinians felt it was the only way • Hijacked planes, attacked an Israeli school, and murdered 11 Israeli athletes in 1972 Olympics in Munich

24. Arab-Israeli Conflict • Israel and the Palestinians • War in Lebanon • PLO first in Jordan and later moved to Lebanon • 1975 – civil war between Lebanese Christians, Sunni Muslims, and Shi’ite Muslims • 1976 – Syria invaded Lebanon • 1978-1982 – Israeli army entered Lebanon to destroy PLO camps

25. Arab-Israeli Conflict • Israel and the Palestinians • Intifada (“Uprising”) • West Bank and Gaza Strip taken in Six Day War had Palestinian populations • 1987 – Palestinians who grew up under Israeli occupation started violent demonstrations • Israel tired to contain protests without success • Some Jews built own settlements in West Bank and Gaza Strip which was resented

26. Progress in Arab-Israeli Relations • Establishment of Palestinian Authority and talks on future statehood • Middle East Peace Conference (1991) • After first Gulf War, US pressured Arab and Israeli leaders to sit and talk • Israel’s new Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin entered secret negotiations with PLO leader Yassir Arafat • Reached Oslo Accords • 1993 – Israel promised to give Palestinians control of West Bank and Gaza Strip • PLO agreed to recognize Israel’s existence • Israel also signed treaty with Jordan

27. Progress in Arab-Israeli Relations • Second Intifada • Lack of progress led to another Palestinian uprising in 2001 • Israel’s new Prime Minister Ariel Sharon attacked Arafat’s compound in response • 2002 – started building the West Bank Barrier (wall separating West Bank from Israel) • Following year Sharon announced dismantle all Israeli settlements in West Bank and Gaza Strip • Israel left settlements in Gaza in 2005

28. Progress in Arab-Israeli Relations • Divisions among Palestinians • PLO leader Yassir Arafat died in 2004 • Led to split for who supported Fatah (Arafat’s political party) or more radical party Hamas • Hamas still refused to recognize Israel’s right to exist • Hamas considered a terrorist organization • Hamas won popular election in Gaza in 2006 while Fatah remained in power in West Bank

29. Progress in Arab-Israeli Relations • New Attempts at Negotiations • 2007 Israel Prime Minister Ehud Olmert and Palestinian President MahmoudAbbas agreed to negotiate future control of Jerusalem, existence of Jewish settlements in West Bank, and rights of Palestinian refugees who left Israel

30. Progress in Arab-Israeli Relations • Israel Strikes Against Hezbollah and Hamas • While negotiating with Fatah leaders, Israel faced rocket attacks from Hezbollah activists in Lebanon and Hamas in the Gaza Strip • 2006 – Hezbollah fired rockets in Israel and kidnapped 2 Israeli soldiers • Israel invaded Southern Lebanon to destroy Hezbollah military bases • UN based resolution to end fighting and promised to disarm Hezbollah • Israel withdrew but Hezbollah has refused to disarm

31. Progress in Arab-Israeli Relations • 2008 – Israel launched air strikes and sent troops in Gaza Strip to halt rocket attacks • Most world leaders recognized right to defend self but criticized severity • Progress towards peace has been slow • Security of Israel against terrorism, right of Palestinians to own state, and future status of Jerusalem all still unresolved

32. Decolonization in Sub-Saharan Africa • Before WWII British and French had already educated some native Africans for self-government (Brits) and to absorb them into their country (France) • Small educated elite became leaders of new nationalist movements

33. Decolonization in Sub-Saharan Africa • Kwame Nkrumah • In Gold Coast, followed Gandhi’s example. • Won independence for Gold Coast in 1957 • Named it Ghana after historic West African kingdom • First black African colony to win independence • Sub Sahara Africa followed Ghana’s example • Some conflicts arose • Some tribal groups attempted to secede from new nations • Most part former African colonies became new nations without major wars.

34. Conflicts in Post-Colonial World

35. Instability in Africa • Many newly independent nations became one-party states. • Party that fought for independence became the only legal party • Nationalist leaders sometimes assumed dictatorial powers • Military leaders many times took charge • Also had a major issue of tribalism • Nations based on colonial instead of tribal boundaries • Led to civil wars between tribes or tribes trying to split • Africa states also struggling to improve agriculture, industry, build schools and hospitals, and raise standards of living

36. Apartheid in South Africa • 1948 – white minority of mostly Dutch-speaking Afrikaners (Boers) introduced apartheid – racial separation • South Africans separated by race • No intermarriage and lived in separate communities • Many black Africans resisted it • 1960 – several anti-apartheid demonstrators were killed by police inSharpesville Massacre • Soweto Uprising 1976 – riots spread through black townships

37. Apartheid in South Africa • Nelson Mandela was lead of anti-apartheid African National Congress • Imprisoned in 1962 • US and other western countries refused to do business with South Africa • White South Africans elected F.W. de Klerk as President in 1989 • Released Mandela and other anti-apartheid leaders • A new constitution was written • 1994 – held first election all races permitted to vote • Nelson Mandela first black President

38. Conflicts in S. Asia • Tensions continued between Hindu India and Muslim Pakistan • Disagreed over control of Kashmir, province north of India • Shortly after independence, Mohandas Gandhi assassinated by Hindu extremist • Death led to rioting and violence in India

39. Conflicts in S. Asia • 1947 – Jawaharla Nehru became India’s first Prime Minister • Daughter Indira Gandhi followed him as India’s Prime Minster for 15 years • First women to serve as head of state or country • Both her and son Rajiv Gandhi later assassinated by political extremists

40. Conflicts in S. Asia • Pakistan consisted of East and West Pakistan • 1971 – East Pakistan broke away to create Bangladesh • Bitter fighting until India intervened on Bangladesh’s behalf • Bangladesh still one of the world’s poorest countries

41. The Cold War

42. Origins of the Cold War

43. Cold War Begins in Europe • US and USSR world’s two superpowers • US had economic power and atom bomb • USSR had Red Army • Each wanted to extend influence, causing the “Cold War” • Two superpowers never confronted each other directly in warfare • Dominated world events for next 45 years

44. Cold War in Europe • Before end of WWII, Roosevelt, Stalin, and Churchill met at Yalta Conference in 1945 • Plans for post war world • Divide Germany into four zones of occupation • Stalin promised free elections in E. Europe

45. Cold War in Europe • Iron Curtain • Stalin didn’t keep promise of free elections • Soviet Army occupied E. Europe • Wanted to control E. Europe as buffer zone • Churchill said, “an Iron Curtain has descended on Eastern Europe” • Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland, Romania, and later E. Germany all Soviet satellites • Trade between E and W Europe cut off • E. Europe forced to create Communist economies

46. Growing American Involvement • Western powers fearful Stalin was another Hitler • US only country powerful enough to stop spread of Communism

47. Growing American Involvement • Containment • 1947 – Britain withdrew troops from Greece, Communist rebels threaten • Truman and US gave aid to them to prevent Communists from taking over • Truman Doctrine and containment – US would not overturn Communism where it was but would take steps to prevent it from spreading any further

48. Growing American Involvement • Containment • US also announced Marshall Plan • Gave billions of dollars in aid to W. Europe to help rebuild war-torn economies • Build future trading partners and help Europeans resist Communism

49. Growing American Involvement • Berlin Airlift and Division of Germany • 1948 – Allies merged zones of occupation in Germany • Stalin closed western highway and railroad links to Berlin (in E. Germany) • Western allies started massive airlift to feed and supply the city • Within a year, Stalin admitted defeat and lifted blockade

50. Growing American Involvement • Division of Germany • 1949 – three Western zones of occupation merged into one, new, independent state – Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) • Stalin turned Soviet zone into German Democratic Republic (East Germany)