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1. Introduction information processing model (fig 1). Information Processing. 2. THREE ASPPROACHES Stage approach metaphor of the digital computer to human behavior a finite number of discrete stages morphological distinctions between perceptual and motor cortex in the brain
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1. Introduction information processing model (fig 1) InformationProcessing
2. THREE ASPPROACHES Stage approach metaphor of the digital computer to human behavior a finite number of discrete stages morphological distinctions between perceptual and motor cortex in the brain ecological approach directly relevant to describing human behavior in interaction with the natural environment design of controls and displays that mimic characteristics of the natural environment direct manipulation interfaces InformationProcessing
cognitive engineering (ergonomics) approach a hybrid approach careful understanding of the environment and task constraints (ecological approach) + modeling and understanding the knowledge structures of the computer agents (cognitive) human interaction with physical systems and environment (ecological) + knowledge structure Model of human information processing (fig 2) InformationProcessing
3. SELECTING INFORMATION 3.1 Selective Attention salience, effort, expectancy, value attentional model SEEV, P(A) = sS - efEF + exEX*vV 3.2 Focused Attention 3.4 Visual Search visual search model to predict the time to find a target serial self-terminating search RT=NT/2 bottom-up parallel processing (e.g., uniqueness, flashing), top-down processing, target familiarity InformationProcessing
4. PERCEPTION 4.1 Detection as Decision Making Signal Detection Theory (SDT) response criterion optimal beta – signal probability, payoffs vigilance 4.3 Judgments of 2-D Position and Extent (Spatial judgment) graphical format – systematic distortions geometric illusion – distortions in distance and size (fig 3) graphical dimensions (fig 4) InformationProcessing
4.4 Judgments of Distance and Size in 3-D Space depth cues (fig 6) – pictorial cues 3-D perceptual representation by knowledge-driven expectancies and top-down processing same size assumption (Ebert and MacMillan, 1985) line-of-sight ambiguity (fig 7) 4.5 Dynamic Displays, Mental Models, and Analog Compatibility compatibility with the operator’s mental model code congruence -- principle of pictorial realism congruent mapping of the level of the code movement compatibility (fig 4.12) InformationProcessing
4.6 Perceptual/Display Organization & Proximity Compatibility Perceptual Organization Gestalt psychologists proximity compatibility principle (fig 8) high-proximity or integrated displays low-proximity or separated displays InformationProcessing
5. COMPREHENSION AND COGNITION 5.1 Working Memory Limitations decay rates less than 20 sec memory span – magical number of 7 2 chunks of info phonological loop (verbal working memory) visuospatial sketchpad for visual and spatial info central executive 5.2 Dynamic WM, Keeping Track, SA typical memory span less than 5 chunks (Moray, 1981) SA as perception, comprehension, projection InformationProcessing
5.5 Planning and Problem Solving 5.5.1 Planning scripts -- typical sequence of operations stored in LTM guess work or mental simulation 3 characteristics of planning activities heavy demands on WM fairly short planning horizon (no more than 1 or 2 subgoals into the future) availability heuristics automated assistance -- flight route planning, industrial scheduling InformationProcessing
5.5.2 Problem Solving, Diagnosis, and Troubleshooting 3 characteristics of human cognition as with more mental simulation and less automatic pattern matching, cognitive resource and vulnerability to interference increase past experience provides a rapid and accurate diagnosis or PS but occasionally hazardous to trap into the most available hypotheses (recency) thwarted by confirmation bias and cognitive tunneling InformationProcessing
6. ACTION SELECTION 6.1 Information and Uncertainty the key is the speed from perception to action selection & execution bandwidth (the amount of info processed per unit time, bit), Hs = log2N the speed for a particular action depends on the uncertainty and the skill 3 levels of action selection and execution knowledge-based, rule-based, skill-based behavior InformationProcessing
6.2 Complexity of Choice Hick-Hyman law decision complexity advantage – transmit more info per unit time with a few complex choices than several simple choices 6.3 Probability and Expectancy Hs = log2(1/Pi) 6.4 Practice practice increases both speed and accuracy InformationProcessing
6.5 Spatial Compatibility thecompatibilitybetween display and control location compatibility principle of location collocation, congruence (fig 14) movement compatibility IRS (Intention-Response-Stimulus) compatibility (fig 15) clockwise increase stereotype (c, d) proximity of movement stereotype (c) (cf. e) global congruence: linear congruence (f not g), orthogonal (b, h) InformationProcessing
7. MULTIPLE-TASK PERFORMANCE perfect parallel processing, degraded concurrent processing, strict serial processing multiple resources InformationProcessing
InformationProcessing Selection
InformationProcessing Response Criterion
InformationProcessing • linear perspective • textual gradient • height in the plane • relative size • interposition* or occlusion • motion parallax* • binocular disparity* (stereopsis) • accommodation • binocular convergence • a generally additive fashion to convey a sense of distance
InformationProcessing Principle of Pictorial Realism satisfied but violates principle of the moving part
InformationProcessing emergent features
