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The Periodic Table . The Periodic Table of Elements. Trends For Atoms In Periodic Form. Columns: Columns in the periodic table are called Groups or Families. 1. Full. 1. 2. 4. 5. 6. 7. 3. 2. 3. Electrons are variable and depend on atom. 4. 5. 6. 7.
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Trends For Atoms In Periodic Form Columns:Columns in the periodic table are called Groups or Families 1 Full 1 2 4 5 6 7 3 2 3 Electrons are variable and depend on atom 4 5 6 7 Rows:Rows in the periodic table are called “periods”
Noble Gases: The “Popular” Group • Noble gases have full electron orbits. This makes them extremely unreactive. • They rarely form chemical compounds without significant amounts of energy added • When elements form ions they are trying to gain the same stable electron arrangements as the nearest noble gas. • Their lack of reactivity gives them many uses for humans
Alkali Metals: The Death Metals • Because of the single valence electron these are the MOST reactive metals since they can react easily and quickly with any of the non-metals • Because of their reactivity they exist naturally only as compounds • Sodium and Potassium are the most common and useful (when in compounds) of the alkali metals • When pure, these metals are so reactive that they must be stored in oil as any water (even in the air) can cause massive, explosive reactions
Alkali Earth Metals: The “Ugly” Friend • Because of their two valence electrons they are less reactive then the alkali metals • Some are highly toxic (like Beryllium and Radium) while others are essential to life (such as Calcium and Magnesium) • Due to their lower reactivity they tend to have higher melting/boiling points as well as being harder and more dense then the alkali metals
Transition Metals: They’re just confused • These are the multi-valent atoms, they can have differing number of valence electrons in their outer orbit. • This difference in valence electrons is because after Calcium there are electron orbits that are no longer circular which means that there are overlapped orbits that are the same energy level and these orbits can hold up to 18 electrons in their shapes. • Not every metal in this area has multiple valences. Metals such as Zinc and Silver have only one electron arrangement and thus will always have the same valence electrons
Metalloids: The Best Of Both Worlds • Possess properties of both metals and non-metals • Are found along the staircase that separate the metals from the non-metals
Halogens: “With Great Power Comes Great Reactivity” • Because of their seven valence electron these are the MOST reactive non-metals since they can react easily and quickly with any of the metals • Because of their reactivity they exist naturally mainly as compounds • Their reactivity gives them terrific cleaning and killing properties (this is why chlorine is used in water and swimming pools) in small amounts. Large amounts can kill larger things, like people
Hydrogen: One is the Loneliest Element • Hydrogen is unique with only a single proton and electron in the most common isotope • It can both lose one electron (like a metal) or gain an electron (like a non-metal) in order to fill its valence shell • Has properties similar to both metals and non-metals • Hydrogen is believed to be the most common element in the universe but rarely can be found as a free element • Highly reactive, extremely flammable, used in many experiments for its proton
