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Russian Declension and Conjugation

Discover the basic structure of Russian words, including prefixes, roots, and suffixes. Learn about verb conjugation, stem variations, and stress placement. Dive into the complexities of Russian declension and conjugation.

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Russian Declension and Conjugation

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  1. Russian Declension and Conjugation Chapter 6: Conjugation

  2. The basic structure of Russian words • prefix + root + suffix ++ ending • All parts preceding the ending are the stem • Root shapes: • Most common is CVC, where final C is a hard consonant, a velar, or j (or rarely a palatal or c, which are secondary) • Other shapes: CC, VC, CVCVC (TORT)

  3. The shapes of prefixes • Possible shapes are: C, CC, CVC, CV, V, VC, CVCV • What part of the prefix is most important? • The last segment, since it interacts with the beginning of the root • We can group prefixes into those that end in V and those that end in C • In some instances we will treat those ending in C as –C/ (fill vowel) • Note that the z>s assimilation is spelled at the end of a prefix

  4. What about -ся? • Where does –ся fit into the basic structure of the Russian word?

  5. What about -ся? • Where does –ся fit into the basic structure of the Russian word? • Well, actually it goes beyond the structure of one word: -ся is an enclitic and gets added AFTER the ending

  6. Why? • Why do we use the term “non-past”?

  7. Why? • Why do we use the term “non-past”? • Because Russian has only two tenses: past and not. The non-past conjugation is interpreted as present or future (and a few other things) depending upon the aspect of the verb and the construction it is in.

  8. Finding the base form • Basically, you want to look for the LONGEST stem, the one with the most information • Unsuffixed verbs and those suffixed in –aj+ and –ej+ use the non-past stem • Suffixed verbs use the infinitive stem

  9. Verb types and conjugations

  10. Combinations of stem + ending

  11. V + V • If the second V is u or o, the preceding C mutates, except: • ns-A, NU, (NU) • žažd-a+, or-a+, sos-a+, ston-a+ • OVA & OV-A, where ov > uj • Velar stems only before o (includes lg -a+) • Consonant mutations are: • Dentals & velars > palatals, labials > labial + l’, others (n, l, r) just get soft

  12. Notes on stress • Unless otherwise noted, all primary (nonsuffixed) verbs have fixed stress in non-past. Placement of fixed stress depends on stem type. (All are ending stress except N, J, and gn’ij+ is an exception). Symbols indicate past stress. • Unless otherwise noted (n/s-A) all secondary (suffixed) verbs have fixed stress in the past. Symbols indicate non-past stress.

  13. Let’s go over these together… • Let’s grind through all the verb types one after another…

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