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First and Second Conjugation Verbs and First and Second Declension Noun

First and Second Conjugation Verbs and First and Second Declension Noun. September 15 th , 2011. Verbs – General Remarks. 5 primary characteristics. Person (1 st person, 2 nd person, 3 rd person). Number (singular, plural). Tense (present, past, future).

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First and Second Conjugation Verbs and First and Second Declension Noun

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  1. First and Second Conjugation VerbsandFirst and Second Declension Noun September 15th, 2011

  2. Verbs – General Remarks 5 primary characteristics. • Person (1st person, 2nd person, 3rd person). • Number (singular, plural). • Tense (present, past, future). • Mood (indicative, subjunctive, imperative). • Voice (active, passive). • To “parse” a verb means to list its person, number, mood, tense, and voice. • To “conjugate” a verb is to list its forms according to person and number according to its specific tense, mood, and voice.

  3. Person and Number • 1st person singular = I. • 2nd person singular = You. • 3rd person singular = She/He/It. • 1stperson plural = We. • 2nd person plural = You (Latin distinguishes between “you” singular and “you” plural). • 3rd person plural = They.

  4. Example – To Praise • 1st singular = I praise. • 2nd singular = You praise. • 3rd singular = She/He/It praises. • 1st plural = We praise. • 2nd plural = You praise. • 3rd plural = They praise. • NOTE: English requires the presence of the pronoun or an otherwise stated subject.

  5. Personal Endings • Latin does not always require the subject to be explicitly stated. • Determined by personal verb endings. Personal Endings in the Present Indicative Active. • 1st singular = -o or -m. • 2nd singular = -s. • 3rd singular = -t. • 1st plural = -mus. • 2nd plural = -tis • 3rd plural = -nt. • Personal endings are added to the verb stem.

  6. Putting It All Together • Step 1: Find the Verb Stem: • 2nd form listed in any dictionary entry; always ends in “re”. (Laudāre – To Praise; Monēre – To advise). • Step 2: Drop the infinitive ending “re” – Laudā - , Monē - . • Step 3: Add personal endings.

  7. Conjugation of Laudare and Monerein the Present, Indicative, Active Laudare – Stem = Lauda- Monere – Stem = Mone- • 1st sing. – Laudo – I praise. • 2nd sing. – Laudas – Your praise. • 3rd sing. – Laudat – She/He/It praises. • 1st pl. – Laudamus - We praise. • 2nd pl. – Laudatis – You praise. • 3rd pl. – Laudant – They praise. • 1st sing. – Moneo – I advise. • 2nd sing. – Mones – You advise. • 3rd sing. – Monet – She/He/It advises. • 1st pl. – Monemus – We advise. • 2nd pl. – Monetis – You advise. • 3rd pl. – Monent – They advise.

  8. Things to Note • Laudare = 1st conjugation verb; characterized by the infinitive –āre; thus “a” is retained on the verb stem. • Monere = 2nd conjugation verb; characterized by the infinitive –ēre; thus “e” is retained on the verb stem. • A subject need not always be present in the sentence; often implied by the verb ending ( i.e. “I praise the dog” = “Ego canemlaudo” OR “Canemlaudo.” • The present tense can be translated two ways (i.e. Laudo = “I praise” OR “I am praising”); context will determine which translation is required.

  9. The Imperative • Imperative = A direct order or a command. • Therefore has only second person singular or plural forms. The Singular imperative - Simply the verb stem. • Laudā - “Praise!” • Monē - “Advise!” The Plural Imperative – Verb stem + -te: • Laudāte – “Praise!”. • Monēte – “Advise!”.

  10. Nouns/Adjectives and Cases • Role of a noun and/or adjective in a sentence determined by its “case” not by word order. • Latin has 7 cases: Nominative, Genitive, Dative, Accusative, Ablative, Vocative, Locative. • To list all the forms of a noun/adjective according to its cases is called “declension.” • Latin has 5 declensions (i.e. 1st, 2nd, 3rd etc); Each declension follows a specific pattern; learn to recognize the pattern. • Nouns/adjectives also possess one of three genders: Feminine, Masculine, and Neuter.

  11. Basic Summary of Declensions and Their Uses • Nominative – Always the subject of the sentence. • Accusative – Direct object (except after certain prepositions, esp. motion toward). • Genitive – Usually the possessive case; translate with “of” (i.e. The book of the poet OR the poet’s book). • Dative – Indirect object; indicate for whom/what or to whose advantage a certain action is performed; translate as “to” or “for –” (i.e. The poet gave the roses to the girl. He sacrificed his life for his country.); certain verbs take dative objects. • Ablative – An adverbial case because it describes the meansor the agent by which an action was done (i.e. He shouted with great anger); accompaniment (i.e. She went to Italy with her father.); place where or from which (i.e. He departed from Greece to look for Caesar); time when or within which (i.e. On the ides of March Caesar met his end); following certain prepositions (i.e. Ab = by, from, Cum = with, De and Ex = from, in = on). NOTE: For now translate with “by, with, or from” according to context. • Vocative – Implies an address; highly rhetorical (i.e. Oh Great Caesar....).

  12. First Declension (Feminine)Nouns and Adjectives Porta (Gate) Magna, Magnus, Magnum (Great) • Nom – Porta – a. • Gen – Portae – ae. • Dat – Portae – ae. • Acc – Portam – am • Abl – Portā – ā. • Voc – Porta – a. • Nom – Portae – ae. • Gen – Portārum – ārum. • Dat – Portīs – īs. • Acc – Portās – ās. • Abl – Portīs – īs. • Voc – Portae – ae. • Nom – Magna –a. • Gen – Magnae – ae. • Dat – Magnae – ae. • Acc – Magnam – am. • Abl – Magnā – ā. • Voc – Magna – a. • Nom – Magnae– ae. • Gen – Magnārum– ārum. • Dat – Magnīs– īs. • Acc – Magnās– ās. • Abl – Magnīs– īs. • Voc – Magnae.

  13. Second Declension (Masculine) Nouns and Adjectives Amicus (Friend) Magnus, Magna, Magnum (Great) • Nom – Amicus – us. • Gen – Amicī – ī. • Dat – Amicō – ō. • Acc – Amicum – um. • Abl - Amicō – ō. • Voc – Amice – e. • Nom - Amicī – ī. • Gen – Amicōrum – ōrum. • Dat – Amicīs. - īs. • Acc – Amicōs – ōs. • Abl - Amicīs. - īs. • Voc - Amicī – ī. • Nom – Magnus – us. • Gen – Magnī– ī. • Dat – Magnō– ō. • Acc – Magnum – um. • Abl - Magnō– ō. • Voc – Magne– e. • Nom - Magnī– ī. • Gen – Magnōrum– ōrum. • Dat – Magnīs. - īs. • Acc – Magnōs– ōs. • Abl - Magnīs. - īs. • Voc - Magnī– ī.

  14. Basic Rules and Hints. • An adjective must agree with the noun it modifies in gender, number, and case (i.e. Magnarumportarum – “of the great gates”; cum magnisamicis – “with great friends”). • Some cases are the same in form; only context which tell you which one to use. • Memorize declensions; first declension is feminine and is characterized by the “a” attached to the root; second declension is masculine and is characterized by “u” attached to the root. • Memorize what declension a noun belongs to when you learn that noun. • Always identify 1. Main verb. 2. Subject (Nominative if expressed at all). 3. Direct object (Accusative) – then fill in the rest.

  15. Apposition • Sometimes a noun is used to further describe another noun in the sentence: (i.e. I see Gaius, my son, in the field). • “Son” provides additional information about “Gaius” and so “son” and “Gaius” are in apposition. • Will agree in case and number. • Gaium, filiummeum, in agro video.

  16. SententiaeAntiquae(pp. 21-22)

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