US History to 1865

1. US History to 1865 Chapter 3: Expansion 1650-1750

2. Concepts • French & Dutch Roles in North America • Further expansion of the British • 17th century crises • During the 18th century, how did society & economy in the Colonies change ? • Views on class & gender during this period

3. Unrest • Pueblo Revolt of 1680: anti-Spanish uprising in New Mexico • Spanish Inquisition spilled over from Spain to NA > religious resurgence • Local priests active missionaries – used harsh methods • Pueblo named Popé led uprising > anti-European • Pueblos briefly united

4. Unrest • Religious dissent • Economic gaps • Slaves v free • Europeans expanded their holdings • 1. Sp took FL, TX, NM, CA, AZ, NV • 2. Dutch took NY • 3. Fr expand • > Br – stable agricultural colonies • Dut & Fr – trading posts

5. Dutch Empire • 1609: Henry Hudson – Br captain working for Dutch East India Co – went north to find the Northwest Passage – dec NY belonged to Holland in 1614 > named New Holland – Dutch had trading center @ Fort Orange (Albany) • Dutch West India Co – handled all New World trade w Holland > arranged purchase of Manhattan Island > NYC

6. Dutch Empire • Dutch growth – at home, prosperous, much bus, ed • Important empire – South Africa, Indonesia • Netherlands – sophisticated society – even more levels of liberty • - press - full religious freedom • Many refugees in Hol – escaped relig persecution • 1/2m immigrants > made Hol stronger; people to settle colonies

7. Dutch Empire • Colonial rule • - D want trade – not to stay & control • - thought it better to treat local people well • - did not want to behave like Spanish – Spain once ruled Hol • D had some conflicts w Native Americans, although D paid for land before using it • D friendly w Iroquois

8. Dutch Empire • D fought w Algonquians > NY Governor William Kieft did steal land • More Indians died, but also some colonists, incl Hutchinson • Freedom in New Holland (cap Amsterdam) • DWI Co knew that trade at risk unless New Holl run like military dictatorship > built forts

9. Freedom in Dutch Empire • New Holl • - no elected officials, but citizen advisors • - women – legal rights, social freedom > own property, business • Slavery • - slaves had legal protection • D major slavers – brought Africans to NY

10. Freedom • Slavery • - slaves in NY worked farms, craftwork – not fieldwork • “half-freedom” status – tenant farmers paid Co for privilege – used as labor when Co required

11. Freedom • Jews in D North Amer • - mainly from Sp • - merchants, bankers • - 1654: more J immigrants from Latin Amer • - Gov Peter Stuyvesant wanted to expel them from NY – no trust • - Co reversed order – wanted J there – they invested

12. Freedom • Settlers – Co wanted more • - opened fur trade • - cheap land, farm animals to settlers • - freedom of worship • - significant grants to “patroons” (patrons) > brought in labor • - patroons respected Indians; lived like feudal lords

13. Freedom • New Holl not fully democratic • Stuyvesant not democratic • Patroon named K. van Rensselaer challenged farmers over land – some farmers came from NE, where small-holders well-est > rebellion • D expansion • Exported 1 m – all ethnicities • Est Delaware (DE) 1638

14. French Empire • Quebec Can – est 1608 by Samuel de Champlain – worked for fur trading co • 1643: MS River initially charted by Fr. Jacques Marquette & trader, Louis Joliet • 1681: LaSalle took MS Valley for France • Br & Fr – Br took coasts; Fr took large tracts of land along rivers (St. Lawrence, Ohio, MS)

15. French Empire • 50ys – New France run by a trading company – Co of New France – later ^^ - new co ~ more govt control • “seigneuries” – noble grants – feudal holdings – holder expected to bring labor • “engages” – indentured servants – most wanted to leave North Amer when finished • Mostly men

16. French Empire • Only 250 families went to Canada • Smaller white pop than in Br colonies • Fr govt pleased – did not want to lose people at home – Fr had the largest army on earth • Can – for the criminals • Huguenots (Fr Protestants) persecuted in Fr > fled – but not to Can • Can – Catholic territory

17. French & Native Americans • Fr needed Native Americans – helped obtain pelts • Fr no enslave Nat Amer • Fr treated them fairly • Indians – glad Fr were not taking land, staying • Fr & Indians – treaties, incl military • Fr sent Jesuits to convert – more successful because they did not criticize local beliefs, customs

18. French & Native Americans • Fr ^^ local culture, life • - disease • - Indians became traders, too • - Indians involved in conflicts • - 1640s: Dutch-allied Iroquois destroyed Fr-allied Huron • - Intermarriage > metis

19. French & Native Americans • ^^ local life • - Indians took up some Eur ways • # clothes • # marriage, family customs • # learned French • - Catholic Native Americans could immigrate to France • - many more Fr became Indianized

20. British Expansion • Protect their colonial trade • Mercantilism ~ economic nationalism • Monopolies – 1 co controls entire business/industry – that was allowed, encouraged • Br earned more than they spent • Br exported more than they imported – favorable balance of trade

21. British Expansion • Business key to Br economy > bus = power • 1650: Cromwell ~ dictator of England – policies • - colonialism • - evangelical Protestantism • - build bus • 1651: Navigation Acts – Br decl it controlled New World trade, oceans

22. British Trade Policies • Navigation Act 1651 • “enumerated goods” – Br govt had interest in most profitable products – tobacco, sugar, salt • Those items could only be carried in Br ships • Only Br ports could be ports of origin for those goods • Customs duties • Br shipbuilding became strong industry > New England became shipbuilding center

23. New York • From Dutch to British colony • 1660: Charles II new K of Engl • Promoted imperialism • Created Royal Africa Co – to control slave trade • 1664: Anglo-Dutch War – D lost – Br took New Holland • New Holl ruled by Duke of York, K’s brother – New York

24. New York • NY – important trade, military • Anglo-Dutch treaty – for NY • 1. keep relig tolerance – NY already multi-ethnic • 2. Br ^^ marriage laws – wives would have less power • 3. men, esp sons, get more wealth • 4. fewer rights for African American freemen > D gave free blacks econ freedom – Br stopped this

25. New York • Br & D had given large holdings to few families > elites of NY • D made 5 Iroquois Nations strong – Br continued this • 1670s: Br Gov of NY, Sir Edmund Andros, dev the Covenant Chain > treaties to link colonial govt w Nat Amer chiefs

26. New York • Iroquois – wiped out their competition – helped Br in battle w Fr • Andros recog Iro claims to land • 1680: Iro under attack by other tribes > Iro declared their neutrality – but played politics – manipulated tribes – bribes, loans – made $$ in furs

27. NY & Liberty • Colonists wanted “liberties of Englishmen” – wanted to vote on taxes • D never had assemblies in NY • Duke of York did not want to share power • Long Island – part of NY – many colonists originally from New Engl – especially discontented

28. NY & Liberty • 1683: York agreed to an elected group of white freemen to est assembly • Assembly to create a charter • Elections every 3 yr • Voting: male property owners • Trial by jury • Property rights • Relig tolerance for Protestants • Made NY more Engl than D

29. Carolina • 1663: Carolina claimed by Br – Charles II wanted to block the Sp in FL • West Indian colonists (Barbados) interested – tried ranching • Carolina settlers aligned w Nat Amer > attacked FL – enslaved captives – started Car slave trade as exporters • Prosperous start

30. Carolina • Fundamental Constitution of Carolina of 1669 • Est feudalism = gentry > serfs > slaves • Elected assembly & freedom of faith – only to make Car popular • Bonus grant to families • Full constitution never put into place • Slavery harshly enforced • Later, rice became crop – more need for slaves