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Introduction to US History

Introduction to US History. Historical Methods Periodization Themes. HM: The Problem of Evidence. Primary Secondary Tertiary Bias. HM: The Problem of Objectivity. Source Bias Historian Bias Is Objective History Possible? . HM: The Problem of Causation. Great Men?

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Introduction to US History

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  1. Introduction to US History • Historical Methods • Periodization • Themes

  2. HM: The Problem of Evidence • Primary • Secondary • Tertiary • Bias

  3. HM: The Problem of Objectivity • Source Bias • Historian Bias • Is Objective History Possible?

  4. HM: The Problem of Causation • Great Men? • Impersonal Forces

  5. HM: The Problem of Motives • Deciphering Witness Statements • Lack of Witness Statements • Actions Speak Louder Than Words • Economic vs. Idealistic

  6. Themes • Land Hunger and Agriculture • The Ever Moving Frontier and Social Class • Indian Relations • Foreign Entanglements • The Development of American Democracy • The Sectionalization of America • The Shadow of the Civil War

  7. Periodization: Colonial America (1492-1783) • Economy: Agriculture • Political: Propertied People Vote • Religion: Only New England is very religious. • Slavery: Exists in all colonies. • Social: Fronteir vs. Settled Areas

  8. Periodization: Early Republic (1783-1828) • Economy: Agriculture, growing foreign trade. • Political: Increased Democracy For White Men. • Religion: Second Great Awakening • Slavery: Sectional Differentiation • Social: Growing Classes but Frontiersmen defy this.

  9. Periodization: Antebellum America (1828-1860) • Economy: Industrial North; Slave Agricultural South • Political: Universal White Manhood Suffrage • Religion: Catholic vs. Protestant. • Slavery: North grows Anti-Slavery; South defends it fanatically. • Social: Rise of the Middle Class and gender ideologies

  10. Periodization: Civil War (1861-1865) and Reconstruction (1865-1877) • Economy: Industry triumphs. • Political: Blacks gain right to vote, though often denied it. • Religion: Rise of the Black Churches. • Slavery: Slavery is abolished. • Social: Veterans dominate society for the rest of the century.

  11. The World in 1500

  12. Rise of Nation States:Absolute Monarchy: France • Hundred Year’s War • French Absolutism, Taxes, and Military Power • France will dominate Europe by 1650

  13. Rise of Nation States:Limited Monarchy: England • Defeat in the Hundred Year's War • England in Decline: • International Impotence • Limited Monarchy, Taxes, and Military Power • But Rising Trade

  14. Rise of Nation States:International Empire: Spain • Spain and International Empire • Charles V: King of Many Nations • Absolute Monarchy + Wealth of the Americas • Most Catholic King

  15. Spain and International Empire Charles V: King of Many Nations Absolute Monarchy + Wealth of the Americas Most Catholic King Rise of Nation States:International Empire: Spain

  16. Rise of Nation States: Republic: The Netherlands • Cutting Edge of Capitalism • Cash Crops • International Colonies. • Joint-Stock Companies • The Dutch are a semi-democratic Republic.

  17. The Dutch Revolt

  18. Rise of Nations:The Dutch Revolt • Protestant Revolt: • The Dutch also become one of the first Protestant nations, leading to revolt against Spain • This leads to 80 years of war with Spain, sapping Spain • Dutch finance enables the Dutch to field armies which can fight • .Spain on even terms.

  19. The Rise of Nation States:Rising Anarchy: Holy Roman Empire • Early Strength: • Late Medieval Decline: • Fragmentation: • Reformation:

  20. The Reformation: Problems of Renaissance Catholicism • Temporal Power: • Rising Heresies: • Monastic Corruption: • The Indulgences Issue:

  21. The Reformation:Martin Luther • Origins: Luther was a German Augustinian monk, who came to feel he wasn't holy enough despite being a monk, and who came to criticize the Church, leading to him nailing the famous 95 Theses (a list of complaints about the Church) to the door of his local cathedral. • His Protests: • Sale of Indulgences • The Focus on Penances and Works as key to salvation • The refusal to translate the Bible into modern languages.

  22. The Reformation: Luther’s Theology • Salvation by Faith • An End to Celibacy • Sola Scriptura • His Impact: Luther shattered the unity of the Western Church and opened the way for the creation of the several thousand Protestant denominations which exist today.

  23. The Reformation: Anglicanism • The Quest for Heirs: • The Split with the Church: • Impact:

  24. The Reformation: The Wars of Religion • The Holy Roman Empire Self Destructs: • The Dutch Revolt: • Habsburgs Bankrupt Spain: • England and France Torn by Dissension:

  25. Rise of International Trade and Exploration: The Silk Road and the Spice Trade • The Silk Road • The Rise of Islam and the Silk and Spice Routes • The Fall of Constantinople

  26. Rise of International Trade and Exploration: The Rise of Portuguese Exploration • Prince Henry the Navigator (March 4, 1394–November 13, 1460): This Portuguese prince played a crucial role in the beginning of Portuguese explorations by providing funding and gathering experts to strengthen Portuguese shipping and navigation. • Technical Innovations: • The Caravel • Square and Lateen sails • The Compass • Gunpowder

  27. Rise of International Trade and Exploration: Portugal and the East • The Rounding of Africa: In 1488, Bartholemew Dias rounded the Cape of Good Hope. • The problem of the Indian Ocean

  28. Rise of International Trade and Exploration: Africa in 1500--Problems • Climate and Disease: • Semi-Isolation: • Lack of Science: • Low Literacy • Few cities • Few schools • Little access to Arabic and Greco-Roman philosophy and scholarship

  29. Rise of International Trade and Exploration: Africa in 1500--Society • Sub-Saharan Trade Route Empires • Mali (1235 to 1645 AD) • Tributary Empire • Centralized military • Large cities • Moslem Rule • African Artisanry • Done by hand, not mass produced • Luxury items for the wealthy and export

  30. Rise of International Trade and Exploration: Africa in 1500--Economics • African Trade • Europeans want slaves, gold, ivory, tropical produce • Africans want cloth, alcohol, firearms, metal tools • African Slavery • Not necessarily for life • War captives or punishment for crime • Not based on race • European Slave Trade in Africa • Driven by need for labor in the New World • Coastal Africans sell interior Africans to Europeans for goods

  31. The Isolated Americas: Initial Migration Conditions • The Last Ice Age: Ended somewhere around 13,000 BC. • Patterns of Migration: Push South in Waves

  32. The Isolated Americas: Technological Isolation • Stone age arrival • Low levels of trade between regions • Contrast to Europe/Asia/Africa

  33. The Isolated Americas: Bio-Deficiencies • Lack of Draft Animals • Fewer indigenous diseases • Cultural Impacts

  34. Dominant Cultures:Aztecs • The Valley of Mexico • The Rise of the Aztecs • The Aztec Empire

  35. Human Sacrifice Tenochtitlan Aztec Society Aztec Economy Cacao + Cotton 'Money' Aztec Warfare Women in Aztec Society Aztec Religion and Society • Huitzilopochtli (Sun God)

  36. Aztec Warfare

  37. Aztec Warfare

  38. Aztec Technology

  39. Dominant Cultures:Incas • Would you walk 2,600 miles? • Absolute Monarchy • Mountain Irrigation • Primitive Socialism • Labor Taxes • State Employees • Dress Codes

  40. No writing system (just a knot code) Stone age weaponry Little metalworking Inca Technology • Expert Stonemasons • Expert Irrigators • Long-Distance Road and Communications Network

  41. Dominant Cultures:North America • Forest Tribes • Mound Builders • Plains Tribes • Great Basin Tribes • Pacific Northwest • Arid Southwest

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