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INTRODUCTION TO PHYSIOLOGY

INTRODUCTION TO PHYSIOLOGY. LECTURE--------1 DR ZAHOOR ALI SHAIKH. What is Physiology ?. Physiology deals with functions of the body. Central aim is to keep the HOMEOSTASIS that is to keep the INTERNAL- ENVIORNMENT of the cell constant, so that cells can work.

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INTRODUCTION TO PHYSIOLOGY

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  1. INTRODUCTION TO PHYSIOLOGY LECTURE--------1 DR ZAHOOR ALI SHAIKH

  2. What is Physiology ? • Physiology deals with functions of the body. • Central aim is to keep the HOMEOSTASIS that is to keep the INTERNAL- ENVIORNMENT of the cell constant, so that cells can work.

  3. Levels of organization in the Body • Cells are basic units of life. • Cell is the smallest unit which is capable of carrying out the processes associated with life.

  4. Basic Cell Function • Obtaining food and O2from the surrounding. • Perform chemical reaction to use food and O2 Food + Oxygen = CO2+ H2O+Energy • Eliminate CO2 and other waste products. • Synthesize protein. • Exchange of material through cell membrane.

  5. Specialized Function of cells • Digestive System - secrete digestive enzymes • Muscle Cells - Muscle contraction • Nerve Cell - send electrical impulses

  6. Cells are organized in Tissues, Organs, Systems and finally Body. • Cells of similar structure and function are organized in Tissues .

  7. TYPES OF TISSUE • There are FOUR types of Tissue 1- Muscle Tissue 2- Nervous Tissue 3- Epithelial Tissue 4- Connective Tissue

  8. 1. Muscle Tissue • Muscle Tissue - for contraction • THREE types of Muscles : 1– Skeletal Muscle 2– Cardiac Muscle 3– Smooth Muscle

  9. 2. NERVOUS TISSUE • Nervous Tissue – Specialized cells for initiation and transmission of Electrical impulses • Brain • Spinal cord • Nerves

  10. 3. Epithelial Tissue • Two types 1. Epithelial lining e.g. Skin, Digestive system 2. Secretary glands e.g. Salivary glands

  11. Glands – Two types • Exocrine - Having duct e.g. salivary gland • Endocrine - Ductless e.g. Thyroid gland

  12. 4. Connective Tissue • Connective tissue connects, supports the body • e.g. Tendon - attach skeletal muscle to bone Elastin - helps in stretching and recoil of the lungs

  13. ORGANS • Organs are composed of tissues (Two or more types ) to perform a particular function. • E.g. stomach has all four primary tissues i.e. Epithelial, Muscle, Nervous and connective tissue.

  14. BODY SYSTEMS • Organs make the body system. • Each system works to perform related functions and is essential for survival of body. • E.g. – Digestive system works for digestion and absorption.

  15. TOTAL BODY • Composed of organ systems linked together structurally and functionally.

  16. CONCEPT OF HOMEOSTASIS • Body cells work in INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT that surrounds the body. • What is Internal Environment ? • It is aqueous(watery) Extracellular Fluid with which body cells are in direct contact it is outside the cell but not inside the cell.

  17. Extracellular Fluid (ECF) • What is Extracellular Fluid (ECF) ? • ECF consists of -Plasma (fluid portion of blood) and Interstitial fluid (which surrounds the cells) • Materials are exchanged between the plasma and interstitial fluid across the capillary membrane e.g. O2 and nutrition go from plasma to interstitial fluid than to cell • Same way waste products go from cell to Interstitial fluid to plasma.

  18. HOMEOSTASIS (continued) • Homeo = Same • Stasis = Stay • Cells can only work when Internal environment (cell surrounding) physical and chemical state is within narrow physiological limits. • Homeostasis is essential for survival of each cell.

  19. HOMEOSTASIS (continued) • All body system work for Homeostasis so that body can function. • How body keeps Internal environment constant. • E.g.- If CO2 increases – it affects respiration(increased) to get rid of increased CO2 -when cold outside, our body temperature decreases –shivering occurs to increase the body temperature.

  20. HOMEOSTASIS (continued) • For Homeostasis, Following factors are to be maintained constant: -supply of nutrient -concentration of O2 and CO2 -waste product concentration -pH as acidity affects enzyme activity -concentration of water and electrolytes - Temperature, narrow limit 35-38c - plasma volume and Blood pressure

  21. Body Systems • ELEVEN Body Systems work for Homeostasis : 1. Circulatory system 2. Digestive system 3. Respiratory system 4. Urinary system 5. Skeletal system 6. Muscular system

  22. Body Systems (CONT) 7. Integumentary system- skin, hair, nails, sweat glands, temperature regulation 8. Immune system 9. Nervous system 10. Endocrine system 11. Reproductive system

  23. What you should know from thisLecture • What is Physiology ? • What is Homeostasis? • What is Internal Environment of the cell? • What are the functions of cell? - General - Specialized • Organization of the body Cell – Tissue – Organs – System - Body

  24. THANK YOU

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