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Introduction to Exercise Physiology

Introduction to Exercise Physiology. Hippocrates (460 -377 BC) “Father of Preventative Medicine” Galen (131 - 201 AD) most well-known & influential physician “Laws of Health”. Galen. Wrote about: benefits of exercise deleterious effects of sedentary living. Galen.

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Introduction to Exercise Physiology

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  1. Introduction to Exercise Physiology Hippocrates (460 -377 BC) • “Father of Preventative Medicine” Galen (131 - 201 AD) • most well-known & influential physician • “Laws of Health”

  2. Galen Wrote about: • benefits of exercise • deleterious effects of sedentary living

  3. Galen • Surgically repaired torn tendons & muscle • Recommended rehabilitation therapies • Recommended exercise regimes

  4. Laws of Health (circa 140 AD) 1. Breathe fresh air 2. Eat proper foods 3. Drink the right beverages 4. Exercise 5. Get adequate sleep 6. Have a daily bowel movement 7. Control one’s emotions

  5. Exercise Physiology History Harvard (late 19th century) • Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Physical Training • B.S Degree (1891 - 1898)

  6. This Course in Exercise Physiology Designed to heighten your awareness of: • General Health and Wellness • Preventative Medicine

  7. This Course in Exercise Physiology Identify strengths & weaknesses of the latest fitness “crazes” and diets

  8. Nutrition I Galen: “Eat proper foods” “Drink the right beverages”

  9. Macronutrients • Carbohydrates (CHO) • Lipids • Proteins

  10. Function of Macronutrients • Structural • Functional

  11. Common Element • Carbon (C)

  12. Carbohydrates (CHO) • Carbon (C) • Hydrogen (H) • Oxygen (O) • (CH2O)n

  13. Monosaccharides • single sugar molecule • basic unit of CHO • categorized by # of carbons: - trioses - tetroses - pentoses - hexoses

  14. Monosaccharides • glucose (dextrose) - blood sugar • fructose - fruit sugar • galactose - milk sugar

  15. Glucose • main energy source • produced : - thru digestion of complex CHO - in liver via gluconeogenesis

  16. Glucose absorbed in small intestine Cells Lipids Glycogen

  17. Sucrose Fructose Galactose Lactose Glucose Maltose Oligosaccharides • disaccharides GLUCOSE

  18. Plant Animal Polysaccharides Polysaccaharides

  19. Starch Fiber Plant Polysaccharides Plant Polysaccaharides

  20. Starch • storage form of CHO • complex CHO • most impt. dietary source of CHO • grain  bread, cereal, pasta

  21. Fiber • Nonstarch polysaccharide • resistant to human digestion • make up structural components of plants • cellulose

  22. Fiber • Linked w/ lower obesity, DM, intestinal disorders, HD, serum cholesterol • aid in gastrointestinal function (bulk): - scraping gut wall - dilute harmful chemicals -  transit time •  rate of digestion of CHO

  23. Glycogen Liver Muscle Animal Polysaccharides Stored Glucose

  24. Blood Glucose (5 grams) Muscle (325 grams) Liver (90 - 110 grams) CHO in the body 375 - 475 grams

  25. Glycogen Utilization • directly by muscle • liver  blood glucose (glyogenolysis)  muscle

  26. Glycogen Regulation •  blood glucose   insulin (pancreas[]) •  cellular uptake of blood glucose

  27. Glycogen Regulation •  blood glucose   glucagon (pancreas[]) •  break-down of glycogen  blood glucose

  28. Glycogen Regulation • very sensitive to changes in diet - depleted quickly - reserved quickly • upper limit = 15g /1 kg • excess is stored as lipids

  29. CHO intake • 40 - 60% • sucrose (table sugar) vs. fructose (plant sugar) • fructose - fewer calories - does not stimulate insulin secretion - taken up by muscle w/o insulin  stable blood glucose

  30. Role of CHO • energy source • preserve tissue proteins (structure) • CHO starvation  gluconeogenesis - protein  glucose - glycerol (lipids)  glucose

  31. Role of CHO • allows for efficient lipid metabolism •  blood glucose  lipid mobilization  • incomplete lipid catabolism  ketone bodies (ketosis / acidosis) • seen w/: - CHO starvation - DM

  32. Role of CHO • proper function of CNS • efficient nerve tissue metabolism

  33. CHO and Exercise Intense exercise (> 80% HRmax): • Initially (5-10 min.) mm. glycogen via anaerobic means • 1 hour of intense exercise 55%  glycogen • 2 hours 100%  • use of BG 

  34. CHO and Exercise Moderate exercise (60-79% HRMax) • initially all glycogen • later 40-50% of energy is glycogen / lipid (aerobic) • later -  glycogen   BG and lipid

  35. CHO and Exercise Continued exercise: • depletion of glycogen and BG  systemic fatigue (“bonking”, “hitting the wall”)

  36. CHO and Exercise In general, w/ an  activity : • use of muscle glycogen (anaerobic glycolysis) as initial energy • concurrent release of glucose (liver)

  37. Effect of Diet on Muscle Glycogen • diet low in CHO  quicker time to fatigue • high fat/low CHO diets   energy   endurance

  38. 200 High CHO Time to exhaustion (minutes) Normal Diet Low CHO 50 1 4 Initial muscle glycogen (g/100 g muscle) Effect of Diet on Muscle Glycogen Bergstrom J. et. al. Diet, muscle glycogen and physical performance. Acta Physiol. Scand., 71: 140, 1967.

  39. CHO and Exercise What nutrient to use is determined by: 1. Exercise intensity 2. Exercise duration 3. Fitness status 4. Nutritional status

  40. Exercise  glycogen phosphorylase  sympathetic response Liver Glycogenolysis Anaerobic Muscle Glycogenolysis Anaerobic Glucose Glucose  BG  BG Glucose Lipids CHO Balance & Exercise Fuel

  41. 4.0 Leg Glucose Uptake (mM/min) 1.0 10 40 Exercise Time (minutes) CHO and Exercise Heavy Exercise Moderate Exercise Mild Exercise Felig P, Wahren J. Fuel Homeostasis in exercise. N. Engl. J Med., 293: 1078, 1975.

  42. Lipids (Fats) • same elements as CHO • different linking and > H:O ratio

  43. Simple Compound Derived Lipids Lipids

  44. Simple Lipids • triglycerides - most plentiful • > 95% of body fat

  45. Triglycerides • glycerol • fatty acids

  46. Fatty Acids • saturated - holds many H atoms - animal products - snacks

  47. Fatty Acids • unsaturated - usually plant sources - mono- canola, olive peanut - poly- safflower, sunflower, soybean, corn - hydrogenation - saturated-like (margarine, lard)

  48. Compound Lipids • triglyceride + other chemicals • phospholipids (phosphate & nitrogenous base) - help control movement across cell membrane - structural integrity - blood clotting - myelin sheaths

  49. Compound Lipids • Glycolipids (FA + CHO + N) • Lipoproteins (protein + triglycerides / phosolipids) - main form of lipid transport

  50. Lipoproteins • Chylomicrons - transports lipid-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, & K) • HDL - 50% protein / 20% lipid / 20% cholesterol • LDL • VLDL - 95% lipid - transports triglycerides

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