Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

1. Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology Unit 1

2. So what will we study? • anatomy – structure of the body • physiology – process of functions of living things

3. Characteristics of Life 1. organization • Parts of an organism have specific relationships to each other. • Parts interact to perform specific functions. • Cell is basic structural and functional unit of an organism. levels of structural organization atoms molecules cells tissues organs organ systems organisms

5. Characteristics of Life 2. metabolism • ability to use energy to carry out growth, movement, and reproduction 3. responsiveness • ability to sense changes in the internal and external environment and make the adjustments that help maintain life 4. growth • increase in size of all or part of the organism

6. Characteristics of Life 5. development • changes an organism undergoes over time • starts at fertilization and goes to death • growth and differentiation(general to specific) 6. reproduction • formation of new cells or organisms • allows for growth and tissue repair • respiration • obtaining and using oxygen • removal of toxic waste

7. Characteristics of Life • absorption • passage of digestive products through membranes • circulation • movement of substances from place to place • assimilation • supplies cells with nutrients • changes them to substances the body needs • excretion • removal of wastes produced by body parts

8. Maintenance of Life quantities and qualities • water • Metabolic processes are carried out in water. • food • energy source • source of vitamins, minerals that regulate vital chemical reactions • oxygen • releases energy from food substances

9. Maintenance of Life • heat • released from chemical reactions • pressure • pressing or compressing action

10. Homeostasis • existence and maintenance of constant environment within the body • variables: temperature, volume, chemical content of cellular fluid • MUST be within normal value (set point); normal range • Homeostasis is a dynamic condition in response to changing conditions. • Organ systems help control the internal environment, i.e. removing wastes, getting nutrients.

11. How? Negative feedback systems • Any deviation from the set point is made smaller or resisted. • does NOT prevent variation • maintains variation within normal • receptor – monitors value of variable • control center – establishes set point around which variable is maintained • effector – can change value of variable

12. Predict #1 Donating a pint of blood reduces blood volume which results in a decrease of blood pressure (just as air pressure in a tire decreases when air is let out of the tire). What effect does donating blood have on heart rate? What would happen if a negative-feedback mechanism did not return the value of the some parameter such as blood pressure to its normal range?

13. Positive feedback system • If deviation outside normal occurs, this feedback makes deviation greater. • not homeostatic • rare in healthy people

14. Dehydration Mild to moderate causes: • excessive thirst • sleepiness or tiredness • dry mouth • decreased urine output (8 hours or more w/out urination) • few or no tears • muscle weakness • headache • dizziness or lightheadedness

15. Severe can cause: • extreme thirst • extreme fussiness or sleepiness in children • irritability and confusion in adults • very dry mouth, skin and mucous membranes • lack of sweating • little or no urination (urine will be dark yellow or amber)

16. sunken eyes • shriveled and dry skin that lacks elasticity • sunken fontanels in infants • low blood pressure • rapid heart beat • fever • delirium or unconsciousness in the most severe cases

17. The Body Plan anatomical position: standing straight, facing forward, arms at sides with palms forward supine: lying face upward prone: lying face downward

18. Body Orientation and Directional Terms • Superior (cranial): toward the head, upper • Inferior (caudal): away from head, below Example: The forehead is superior to the nose.

19. Body Orientation and Directional Terms • Anterior (ventral): toward the front, in front of • Posterior (dorsal): toward the back, behind Example: The heart is posterior to the sternum.

20. Body Orientation and Directional Terms • Medial: toward the midline of the body, on the inner side • Lateral: away from the midline of the body, on the outer side • Intermediate: between a more medial and a more lateral structure. Example: The eye is lateral to the bridge of the nose.

21. NOTE: USED FOR APPENDAGES ONLY!!! • Proximal: closer to the point of limb attachment • Distal: farther from the point of limb attachment Example: The elbow is proximal to the wrist.

22. A few more terms right left ventral - belly dorsal – back superficial – close to surface of body deep – toward interior of body arm = shoulder to elbow forearm = elbow to wrist thigh = hip to knee leg = knee to ankle trunk • thorax • abdomen • pelvis

23. Regional Terms axial: making up the main axis of the body (head, neck, trunk) appendicular: consisting of appendages or limbs

24. REGIONAL TERMS NASAL FRONTAL ORAL ORBITAL CERVICAL BUCCAL MENTAL ACROMIAL STERNAL AXILLARY PECTORAL ABDOMINAL THORACIC MAMMARY BRACHIAL ANTECUBITAL ANTEBRACHIAL UMBILICAL (NAVAL) PELVIC CARPAL

25. POLLEX COXAL PALMAR INGUINAL (GROIN) DIGITAL FEMORAL PUBIC PATELLAR PERONEAL (side of leg) CRURAL TARSAL HALLUX PES DIGITAL

26. OTIC (EAR) CEPHALIC (CRANIAL) OCCIPITAL DELTOID VERTEBRAL SCAPULAR BRACHIAL DORSUM OLECRANAL LUMBAR SACRAL DORSUM OF HAND GLUTEAL PERINEAL

27. FEMORAL POPLITEAL SURAL (CALF) CALCANEAL (HEEL) PLANTAR (SOLE)

28. Quadrants and Regions of abdomen

29. Planes of the Body sagittal– vertical L/R median (midsagittal) – sagittal through midline transverse or horizontal – parallel to ground frontal or coronal – vertical front/back

30. Sagittal plane

31. Coronal section of the brain

32. Transverse Plane of the Body

33. Planes of Organs longitudinal section: cut through long axis of organ transverse or cross section: cut at right angle to longitudinal oblique: cut across longitudinal

34. Body Cavities and Membranes Body Cavity: major, closed compartment containing internal organs. Cranial Cavity Dorsal Body Cavity Dorsal Body Cavity: cavity encasing the brain and spinal cord. Vertebral Cavity

35. Ventral Body Cavity: houses a group of organs called the viscera. • Thoracic Cavity: cavity surrounded by the ribs and chest muscles. • Pleural Cavities: each houses a lung • Mediastinum: contains the pericardialcavity housing the heart, esophagus, trachea... Mediastinum Pleural Pericardial Ventral Body Cavity

36. Abdominopelvic Cavity: cavity surrounded by abdominal muscles and pelvic girdle. • Abdominal Cavity: contains stomach, liver, spleen, intestines, etc... • Pelvic Cavity: bladder, some reproductive organs, rectum... • Diaphragm: large, dome-shaped muscle separating the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities. Diaphragm Ventral Body Cavity Abdominal cavity Pelvic Cavity

37. Serous Membrane (serosa): thin, double-layered membrane lining body cavities and surrounding internal organs. Parietal Serosa: the part of the membrane lining cavity walls Visceral Serosa: the part of the membrane covering the organs Serous Fluid: lubricating fluid between the parietal and visceral serosa

39. Other Body Cavities – most open to body’s exterior Oral and Digestive Cavities: contains mouth, teeth, tongue, interior of digestive organs, anus Nasal Cavity: part of the passages of the respiratory system Orbital Cavity: houses the eyes Middle Ear Cavities: contains bones that transmit sound to the inner ear.

40. Predict #2 Is the sensation of thirst associated with a negative or positive feedback mechanism? Explain. Hint: What is being regulated when one becomes thirsty?

41. Organs of the Trunk Diaphragm Liver Stomach Gallbladder Transverse Colon Ascending Colon Descending Colon Small Intestine Cecum Appendix Sigmoid Colon Urinary Bladder