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The Kingdom Protista

The Kingdom Protista. Chapter 19. 20-1 The Kingdom Protista. 1. Protists are defined less by what they are and more what they are not . 2. A protist is not a plant , animal , fungus or prokaryote . “Left-Over” Kingdom.

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The Kingdom Protista

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  1. The Kingdom Protista Chapter 19

  2. 20-1 The Kingdom Protista • 1. Protists are defined less by what they are and more what they are not. • 2. A protist is not a plant, animal, fungus or prokaryote.

  3. “Left-Over” Kingdom • JUNK DRAWER! Where scientists put everything that does not fit somewhere else!

  4. What Protists ARE • 3. Protist: Eukaryotes that are not members of the kindgomPlantae, Animalia or Fungi • 4. Most unicellular • Have a nucleus

  5. Protists

  6. The Kingdom “Protista” • 5. Protist’ formal name is “Protista”, which comes from the Greek words meaning “the very first” • 6. This is fitting to them because the first eukaryotes to appear on Earth, 1.5 billion years ago, were protists.

  7. 7. How They Get Their Food

  8. Heterotrophs

  9. Autotrophs

  10. Decomposers or Parasite

  11. Zoomastigina • Common Name:zooflagellates • Movement: One or two flagella • Food: Heterotroph • Absorb food through cell membrane • Reproduction: • Asexually by mitosis and cytokinesis • Sexually by meiosis • Where: Aquatic environments • Example:Leisgmaniadonovani

  12. Zooflagellates

  13. Sarcodina • Common Name: Sarcodines • Movement: Pseudopods • Temporary cytoplasmic projections • “False Foot” • Food: Surround meal and then ingest • Reproduction: Mitosis and cytokinesis • Where: Warmer regions of oceans • Example: Amoeba

  14. Sarcodines

  15. Ciliophora • Common Name: Ciliates • Movement: Cilia • Hairlike projections that work like oars to help the ciliate move and capture food • Food:Heterotroph • Reproduction: • Asexually by mitosis and cytokinesis • Sexually by conjugation • Where: Fresh and Salt Water • Example: Paramecium

  16. Ciliates

  17. Sporozoans • Common Name:Sporozoa • Movement: Cannot move on their own • Food: Feed on other organisms • Reproduction:Sporozoites • Where: Variety of other organisms • Worms, fish, birds and humans • Example:Plasmodium

  18. Sporozoans

  19. Protista • 8. The different types of protists are classified by how they get their food • Plant-like (Autotroph) • Animal-like (Heterotroph) • Fungi-like (Decomposer or Parasite)

  20. Pseudopods • 9. Pseudopods are temporary cytoplasmic projections • Extend out beyond the central mass of the cell • Cytoplasm streams into the pseudopod • The rest of the cell follow

  21. Cilia • 10. Cilia are tiny hair-like projections similar to flagella • The beating of the cilia are like the pull or hundreds of oars on an old ship • Propels cell rapidly through the water

  22. Food Vacuole • Small cavity in the cytoplasm that temporarily stores food • Food is rapidly digested and passed to the rest of the cell • Undigestible food is stored until can be released

  23. 12. Contractile vs Food Vacuole • Contractile vacuole: Specialize to collect water so the cell does not burst • Food Vacuole: Specializes in storing food • Differ in what they store

  24. Ciliates • 13. A ciliate needs two types of nuclei because: • Macronucleus: “working library” of genetic information • Multiple copies of genetic material needed day to day • Micronucleus: contain “reserve copy” of the cell’s genetic material

  25. Conjugation • 14. During conjugation two cells exchange genetic material • Occurs under stress to help increases genetic diversity • NOTHING NEW IS FORMED!

  26. Protozoa • 15. Some animal-like protists cause serious diseases, including malaria and African sleeping sickness.

  27. Malaria • 16. Cycle of malarial infection (Plasmodium) • Only carried by female mosquito • Infected mosquito bites human • Mosquito’s saliva enter blood stream • Infects liver and blood cells and multiplies rapidly • Many strains are resistant to drugs

  28. 17.Benefits to Humans • Symbiotic relationships • Termite and protist in intestine • Recycle dead and decaying organisms

  29. Symbiosis vs Mutualism • Symbiosis: Close relationship in which at least one of the species benefits • Mutualism: When both partners benefit from living together

  30. Symbiosis Example • Clown fish and sea anemone

  31. Plant-Like Protists Unicellular Algae

  32. 18. Four Phlya of Unicellular Algae • Euglenophyta (euglenophytes) • Chrysophytes (yellow-green and golden-green algae) • “Golden Plants) • Bacillariophyta (diatoms) • Pyrrophyta (Dinoflagellates)

  33. Plant-like Protists • 19. One of the key traits used to classify algae is the type of photosynthetic pigments they contain. • 20. Algae have adapted to deeper water by evolving to have different types of chlorophyll • This attracts the different types/colors of light that reach the deeper areas

  34. 21. Euglenophytes • A. Eyespot: Helps organism find sunlight to power photosynthesis • B. Pellicle: Cell membrane • Tough and flexible, letting euglenas crawl through mud when not enough water to swim

  35. Chrysophyta • 22. Chrysophyta means “Golden Plants” • 23. They get this name because they have gold-colored chloroplasts

  36. Diatoms • 24. The most abundant and beautiful organisms on Earth • 25. Diatoms get their glass-like appearance because they contain silicon • The same substance that makes up glass

  37. Dinoflagellates • 26. Dinoflagellates get their food by both heterotroph and autotrophs • Use flagella to capture food and then ingest • Make their own food with photosyntheiss

  38. Luminescent Dinoflagellates • 27. When agitated by sudden movement, they give off light.

  39. What are Phytoplankton? • 28. Phytoplankton are small, photosynthetic organisms found near the surface of the ocean • The provide direct nourishment for organisms from shrimp to whales • About half the photosynthesis on Earth carried out by phytoplankton

  40. Fungus-Like Protists Pages 516-520

  41. Examples of Fungus-Like Protists • 34. Two examples are: • Slime Molds • Water Molds

  42. 35. Slime Molds • A. Found in places that are damp and rich in organic matter (ex: floor of forest) • B. Two groups recognnized are cellular slime molds and acellular slime molds • C. They are difficult to classify as unicellular or multicellular because they can be both in their life cycle

  43. Slime Mold

  44. 36. Water Molds • A. Live on dead or decaying organic matter in water or parasites on land • B. Reproduce both sexually and asexaully in their lifecycle (Spores) • Hyphae: Thin filaments that develop into zoosporangia and used with reproduction

  45. Water Mold

  46. Recyclers • 37. Slime molds and water molds are important as recyclers because they help things “rot”. • They help break down dead and decaying organisms and make sure they do not litter the ground

  47. 38. Water Mold and Famine • Water mold attacked potatoes • Farmers used it as a staple in their food • Basically destroyed all their food

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