Chapter 25 C risis, Revolution, And The War to End All Wars

1. Chapter 25 Crisis, 
Revolution, 
And The War 
to End All 
Wars

2. Chapter 25 Crisis, 
Revolution, 
And The War 
to End All 
Wars

5. Nationalism competition, rivalry between nations in 
Europe that developed in the late 19th 
century government plans to mobilize masses for 
first ever "total war" Militarism

6. What is "Total War?" 1. Planned Economy 2. Rationing 3. Military Draft 4. Industry/Gov't. 
partnership

7. ARMS RACE -Germans build Navy (Tirpitz) -British see this as a threat to the 
existence of the British empire

8. What about the British? -their empire is vast and expanding  -this causes conflict  with other Euro nations -they have tensions with Germany over foreign markets -Germany expands Naval fleet to challenge the Brits -Boer War (GB vs. Dutch republics of 
South Africa) brings anti-British 
sentiment -Britain allys with Japan (1902) -Britain and France form alliance in 
1904; they mutually agree that the 
British will control Egypt, the French 
will control Morocco

9. -Germany distrusts Britain and 
France--especially after leaving the Algeciras Conference empty 
handed.  -Britain and France see  Germany as a threat and  band their alliance closer  together

10. The Balkans-always volatile 1878: Congress of Berlin:  -Ottoman possessions  divided  -independence for Serbia,  Rumania, part of Bulgaria  -Austria gets Bosnia and  Herzegovina  -this angers Serbia; they  turn south, fight Ottomans in  1912 First Balkan War -1913 Second Balkan War:  Serbian dispute with Bulgaria  -Lots of nationalistic fervor in the  Balkans... so what will the "Third  Balkan War" mean to Europe?

11. The European leaders 
have all placed their 
stick of dynamite in the 
bundle... who will light 
the fuse?

12. Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand ? Assassinated by Gavrilo Princip, a 
Serbian who belonged to a secret 
society, "The Black Hand"  -This group wanted to unite  Serbians into a single state  -Austria's declaration of war on  Serbia was influenced greatly by  Germany's promise of a "blank  check" of support to them  Big Problem: Russians support the  Serbs... this war is getting bigger

13. Germany: invades France via 
Belgium, supports Austria 
militarily via "Blank Check" 
promise Russia: orders full militarization 
against Austria and Germany France and Britain: were 
previously allied and declare war 
on Germany Italy: enters war in 1915 in 
return for promises of Austrian 
territory Bulgaria: enters war in 1915 
simply to side against the 
Serbians USA: enters war in 1917 to side 
against Germany's sub warfare, 
anti-German propaganda

14. Previous wars had been 
fairly quickly decided--or 
were at least active. This 
war was a stalemate, evident by the Battle of Marne resulting in a 
"shellshocked" generation. -Nearly 10 million military 
deaths during the war, over 10 
million civillian deaths.

15. Total War = Total Carnage! And now, the road to death. Step One: Dig 
trench, fortify 
yourself with 
weapons, wait for 
stalemate. Step Two: Go 
"Over the Top." 
You will be killed 
in "No Man's 
Land" at this 
point if you're 
lucky. Step Three: 
Survive and take 
enemy's trench. 
Repeat process 
until you are 
killed.

16. Question: But what if I don't die? Answer: You'll wish you did. Trench Foot: severe fungal 
infection. Left untreated, 
feet will turn red, blue, 
and black. Gangrene 
develops--can result in 
death. (albeit slowly.) Trench Mouth: Severe 
gingivitis due to lack of 
proper dental care during 
warfare--painful ulcerations 
and bleeding throughout 
entire mouth.

17. USA Their entrance changes the course of 
the war. Siding against Germany gave 
the allied powers the push they needed 
to win the war.

18. Social Impact of War -Rift between 
veterans and 
civillians -Huge population 
losses for future 
generations -As war drags on, public enthusiasm wanes Above: Another ineffective war protest.

19. Wartime Labor... -Controlled by gov't.  planning boards -women get involved, prove their  worth in industry  -some earn right to vote postwar  -greater social equality -war is good for unions-fewer  laborers+high demand=better  wages

20. germany -rationed food, raw materials -conscription -totalitarian society Walter 
Rathenau 
directs 
Germany's 
economy Paul von Hindenburg Erich Lundendorff

21. -all citizens involved in war effort -planned economies France and England Georges Clemenceau Both develop socialistic 
policies during the war Establishes a near-dictatorship to deal with work stoppages and antiwar pacifists

22. PROPAGANDA PROPAGANDA PROPAGANDA PROPAGANDA PROPAGANDA PROPAGANDA PROPAGANDA PROPAGANDA PROPAGANDA PROPAGANDA TROPAGAN PROPAGANDA PROPAGANDA PROPAGANDA PROPAGANDA PROPAEFFOR PROPAWARDA PROPATHEDA PROPATHISDA PROPFUELSA PROPAGANDA PROPAGANDA PROPAGANDA PROPAGANDA PROPAGANDA PROPAGANDA PROPAGANDA PROPAGANDA PROPAGANDA PROPAGANDA PROPAGANDA PROPAGANDA PROPAGANDA PROPAGANDA PROPAGANDA PROPAGANDA PROPAGANDA PROPAGANDA PROPAGANDA PROPAGANDA PROPAGANDA PROPAGANDA PROPAGANDA PROPAGANDA PROPAGANDA PROPAGANDA PROPAGANDA PROPAGANDA PROPAGANDA

23. -USA fights only briefly but has the 
most propaganda posters!  -Propaganda isn't quite as 
 effective post-1916 after 
 prolonged fighting  and heavy casualties

24. End of World War I Austria-Hungary: Revolution! New 
national states of Hungary, Yugoslavia, 
Czechoslovakia, and Austria emerge Revolution in Germany -Germans are tired of war -Allies winning due to American intervention -Germany's liberal gov't. surrenders Nov. '18 -The revolution was not radical -Social Democrats want gradual elimination  of capitalism -Army squashes uprisings in Leibknecht and 
Luxemburg

25. Treaty of Versailles USA likes Wilson's 14 points except #14... the League of Nations Congress is afraid to lose its power to 
declare war if US belongs to such a league  -US Senate won't ratify alliance w/ Britain,  France TREATY OF VERSAILLES 1. Clemenceau, George want to PUNISH 
Germany. Germany must limit army, claim 
responsibility for war, pay damages, lose 
colonies, lose Alsace-Lorraine, and also 
Danzig--to Poland! (That's right, Poland!) 2. Self-determination lives on in the west--fear 
of the Bolshevik revolution, Austria-Hungary 
and Turkey were the big losers. The Treaty of Versailles punishes Germany 
and sets the stage for rise of the NSDAP and 
Adolf Hitler.

26. 2012 APEH FRQ?... Analyze and 
reflect on causation for World War I. As per the text you have a few different 
directions you can go with this... 1. Austria-Hungary's desire for 
expansion started the war, prompted by 
Germany's "blank check." 2. Other European nations failed to 
legitimately incorporate Germany into 
the system of imperialism, Germany 
responded by being aggressive. 3. Germany's leaders saw war as a way 
to deflect attention away from domestic 
problems and save power for themselves 4. Nationalism and ignorance started 
the war; ignorance being that people 
didn't know that this war would be far 
more costly in terms of resources, 
money, and lives.

27. Let's shift gears... Росси́я Сове́тских Социалисти́ческих Респу́блик The Russian Revolution Origin: Russia Destination: Soviet Union

28. MASSIVE CHANGES in 
Russia happen during the 
revolution... so.... How did this happen?  Why?

29. Tsar Nicholas II -Russians excited about 
WWI prospects -Russian army fights 
bravely, but is ill-
equipped and lacks 
leadership -They suffer massive 
casualties. -1917: Russian soldiers 
begin the journey home, 
voting with their feet as 
Lenin would say

30. Tsarina Alexandra -has child inflicted with hemophilia -if cut, uncontrollable bleeding or death could result -she is convinced that one man can stop the bleeding... Rasputin -He's suspected of being Alexandra's lover -to end this rumor, three members of the high aristocracy murder Rasputin, December 1916 -Alexandra claims the dead Rasputin's prophecy is that if he dies she will lose her son and the throne -By March 1917 morale had declined, soldiers had 
deserted the army, and the Duma declared a 
provisional government. -Nicholas abdicated the throne, Rasputin's prophecy 
was correct!

31. Leader of Provisional gov't.... ALEXANDER KERENSKY! His goals... -Continue the war -Postpone land reform, this 
could weaken the peasant army PROBLEM -Provisional gov't. shares power w/ 
Petrograd Soviet of Workers' & Soldiers' 
Deputies  -Petro. Soviet Army Order #1: military  authority rests in hands of ordinary  soliders... this = massive desertions  -Anarchy!

32. ...and anarchy and 
chaos are exactly 
what Lenin wants, 
because ending 
anarchy appeals to a 
wide spectrum of 
people. -He wants Marxist revolution but 
fails in an attack on the 
provisional gov't., goes into 
hiding... -The Marxists are divided  -Bolsheviks (Lenin) want small,  disciplined, elitist party  -Mensheviks want democratic  party with mass membership  -Bolsheviks are in control of  the military in the capital  and have majority in Petro.  Soviet

33. Civil War In Russia Trotsky... supporter of Lenin centers power in Petrograd Soviet Nov. 1917--he overthrows provisional government Lenin--justifies peasants taking of land  -ends war with Germany, but  relinquishes Russia's western  territories (Brest-Litovsk)  -Bolsheviks upset in free election

34. Bolsheviks... the 
"Reds"... want 
dictatorship... defeat 
"Whites" who want self-
rule in Russian Civil War