Chapter 8: The Rise of Rome

1. Chapter 8: The Rise of Rome In your notes, do a quick-write listing everything you know about Ancient Rome. Think about books, movies, mythology, and historical figures.

2. Things to come: • The founding of Rome • Aeneas • Romulus and Remus • Roman soldiers and war • Hannibal and the Punic Wars • The conquests of Julius Caesar • The peace of Rome (Pax Romana) and the crazy rulers • Caligula and Nero

3. Italy is in the middle of the Mediterranean Sea. • The Alps run across the top of Italy. • The Alps _______________. • The Apennines run down through Italy, from North to South. • The Apennines can be crossed more easily, so _______________________. • Italy had better farmland than Greece, so they ____________. Section 1: Rome’s Beginnings Today we will explain in writing the importance of geography in the rise of the Roman Civilization. *Look at the map on page 263. Answer 1 and 2 in your notes.

4. The place where Rome was founded is 15 miles from the coast of the Mediterranean, on the ____________. • The Tiber River gave Romans • a source of water • A way to the rest of the Mediterranean world • And _______________ • Rome was built on ________. • This made it easy to ______. • It was also a stopping place for travelers in Italy and on the Sea. Section 1: Rome’s Beginnings Today we will explain in writing the importance of geography in the rise of the Roman Civilization.

5. Romulus and Remuswere brothers, abandoned as babies and raised by a wolf. Romulus killed Remus and ____________. • Aeneas was a Trojan prince who escaped after the Greeks captured Troy. After a long adventure, he came to the Tiber River and founded Rome. Section 1: Rome’s Beginnings Today we will explain in writing how the Romans created a republic and conquered Italy, turning it into a great power.

6. The actual story? • Historians aren’t sure. They think that Latins lived in the hills of Rome, tending herds of animals, growing crops, and living in huts from 1000 B.C. • After a few hundred years, they banded together __________. Their community became known as Rome. Section 1: Rome’s Beginnings Today we will explain in writing how the Romans created a republic and conquered Italy, turning it into a great power.

7. The Etruscans and the ______ had a major influence on Rome. • Greeks taught Romans how to grow grapes and olives, and the Greek alphabet. Romans later copied their architecture, art, and writing. • Etruscans took control of Rome and ________. They were great fighters, their cities were well-organized, and they enjoyed feasting and playing sports and music. Section 1: Rome’s Beginnings Today we will explain in writing how the Romans created a republic and conquered Italy, turning it into a great power.

8. Rome became powerful under Etruscan rule, but the family of kings, the Tarquins, were ______. • In 509 B.C., Rome rebelled and formed a republic. • The Roman Republic conquered their neighbors, including the Etruscans and the Greeks in southern Italy. Section 1: Rome’s Beginnings Today we will explain in writing how the Romans created a republic and conquered Italy, turning it into a great power.

9. Why was Rome so strong? • They had tough, disciplined fighters. • They created a new way of fighting, using legions. • They were smart planners. • They built settlements in places they conquered. • They built roads between these towns. • They treated conquered people well. • But they were forceful if they had to be. Section 1: Rome’s Beginnings Today we will explain in writing how the Romans created a republic and conquered Italy, turning it into a great power.

10. *** Create a power outline for a paragraph describing how the Romans created a republic and conquered Italy, turning it into a great power. Section 1: Rome’s Beginnings Today we will explain in writing how the Romans created a republic and conquered Italy, turning it into a great power.

11. In early Rome, there were two social classes: patricians and plebeians. • Patricians were wealthy landowners. They could hold public office. • Plebeians were artisans, shopkeepers, and small farm owners. • Both groups were ______and both groups paid taxes and served in the ______. • Which group do you think was bigger? • Who had more respect? • Would they have been allowed to marry? Section 2: The Roman Republic Today we will describe in writing the Roman republic and legal system, its impact on Ancient Romans and how it relates to government today RECALL: *How were Romans treated under the Etruscan kings? *What kind of government did they form after they rebelled? CONNECT: What are the 3 branches of our government?

12. Rome’s government had three parts: • A group who ran the government • A group who made laws • A group who served as judges • Checks and balances made sure no group became too powerful. Section 2: The Roman Republic Today we will describe the Roman republic and legal system, its impact on Ancient Romans and how it relates to government today.

13. In the Roman Republic, the top officials were the consuls. • There were 2 consuls. • They were elected for 1 year terms. • They could veto the other’s decision. • Would it be difficult for a consul to abuse their power? • Why would consuls be more likely to make good decisions? • Praetors interpreted the law and acted as judges. • The Senate was made of 300 patrician men who served for life. • At first they advised the Consuls. Later they could make laws and hold debates. Section 2: The Roman Republic Today we will describe the Roman republic and legal system, its impact on Ancient Romans and how it relates to government today.

14. In 494 B.C., the plebeians rebelled because ______. • They set up the Council of Plebs and elected a tribune to bring their concerns to the government. • The tribunes had the right to veto government decisions. • Soon plebeians and patricians were allowed to marry. • In 287 B.C. , plebeians were allowed to make laws, too. Section 2: The Roman Republic Today we will describe the Roman republic and legal system, its impact on Ancient Romans and how it relates to government today.

15. In the Roman Republic, a dictator ruled for a short period of time during an emergency. • What is a dictator today? • Cincinnatus was a well-known dictator. Section 2: The Roman Republic Today we will describe the Roman republic and legal system, its impact on Ancient Romans and how it relates to government today.

16. Rome’s first code of laws was The Twelve Tables. • Laws were not written down before this. Plebeians demanded that laws be written down. • The laws were on display in the Forum. • This established the principle that all free citizens had the right to be treated the same way by the law. • The Law of Nations was created to solve disputes between citizens and non-citizens. • Important ideas about laws: • Innocent until proven guilty • People accused can defend themselves to a judge • A judge must use evidence before making a decision. Section 2: The Roman Republic Today we will describe the Roman republic and legal system, its impact on Ancient Romans and how it relates to government today.

17. In your notes, list three important contributions the Romans made to ideas about law and government. • Rank those in order of importance, with 1 being their most important contribution. Section 2: The Roman Republic Today we will describe the Roman republic and legal system, its impact on Ancient Romans and how it relates to government today.

18. Rome had conquered Italy, but it had a rival in the Mediterranean: Carthage, on the coast of __________. • Carthage had become wealthy by controlling trade in northern Africa and southern Europe. • Carthage and Rome both wanted to control ________. Section 2: The Roman Republic Today we will write a paragraph describing how Rome expanded its control throughout the Mediterranean.

19. The First Punic War, 264 B.C. • Carthage vs. Rome • Cause: Rome sent an army to Sicily to prevent Carthage from taking it over. • Carthaginians already had colonies on the island and wanted to stop the invasion. • Rome realized it needed a navy, and built a large fleet. • Effect: In 241, Rome won a naval battle. Carthage had to leave and pay Rome huge fines. Rome ruled Sicily (after 20 years!) Section 2: The Roman Republic Today we will write a paragraph describing how Rome expanded its control throughout the Mediterranean.

20. The Second Punic War • To make up for losing land, Carthage expanded its empire into southern Spain. Rome was not happy, and helped the Spanish ___________. • Carthage sent its greatest general, Hannibal, to attack Rome in 218 B.C., starting a war. • Hannibal’s strategy was to take the fighting to Italy. He gathered a huge army, including many horses and 37 ______. • What do you think of Hannibal’s strategy? Predict the outcome! Section 2: The Roman Republic Today we will write a paragraph describing how Rome expanded its control throughout the Mediterranean.

21. Hannibal’s army lost many men and animals crossing the Alps into Italy because _____. • Cold, ______, and attacks by mountain tribes killed almost half his soldiers. Section 2: The Roman Republic Today we will write a paragraph describing how Rome expanded its control throughout the Mediterranean.

22. Outcome: • Hannibal was still strong enough to do damage to Rome’s army at the Battle of Cannae. His army raided much of Italy. • The Romans raised another army. In 202 B.C., General Scipio invaded ___________. • Hannibal had to return home to defend Carthage. • Scipio beat Hannibal at the Battle of Zama. • Carthage gave up _____ • Carthage paid a huge fine to Rome. • Rome now ruled the western Mediterranean Section 2: The Roman Republic Today we will write a paragraph describing how Rome expanded its control throughout the Mediterranean.

23. Rome finally destroyed its rival in the Third Punic War. • They burned the city. • They enslaved 50,000 men, women, and children. • They salted the land so _____. • Meanwhile, Rome also conquered Macedonia, Greece, and parts of Asia. • The Mediterranean became known to Romans as “mare nostrum”, or __________. Section 2: The Roman Republic Today we will write a paragraph describing how Rome expanded its control throughout the Mediterranean.

24. Outline a power paragraph, describing the causes and outcomes of the Punic Wars. • Topic • First Punic War • Cause • Effect • Second Punic War • Cause • Effect • Third Punic War • Cause • Effect • Conclusion Section 2: The Roman Republic Today we will write a paragraph describing how Rome expanded its control throughout the Mediterranean.

25. The Rise of Rome • Choose the 8 events in Rome’s early history that you think are most important, and sequence them in chronological order. • On a piece of plain white paper, create a cartoon strip showing each of the events. • Use dialogue or captions to describe what is happening. • Write you name on the back. • This will go on our outside bulletin board, so do your best work! Section 2: The Roman Republic Today we will sequence the important events in the founding of Rome and the formation of the Republic by creating a cartoon strip.

26. Quickwrite: • What do you know about Julius Caesar? • If you don’t know anything about Caesar (yet), predict what will come next in Rome’s history. • Flip back to your notes on The Rise of Rome if you need to! Section 3: The Fall of the republic Today we will describe how Julius Caesar seized power and made reforms by writing a cause and effect sentence.

27. Rome’s armies were victorious, but there was trouble at home. • Recall: What lands had Rome conquered? • What was mare nostrum? • In the 100s B.C., Roman farmers were poor and in debt. • Some hadn’t been able to farm because ______________. • Others’ farms had been destroyed by Hannibal’s troops. • They couldn’t compete with Roman latifundia, giant farming estates worked by ____________. Section 3: The Fall of the republic Today we will describe how Julius Caesar seized power and made reforms by writing a cause and effect sentence. Predict: What do you think these plebeian farmers did?

28. Farmers sold their farms and moved to Rome for work. • Jobs were ___________, and they became angry. • Some patricians wanted to reform Rome’s problems, and asked the Senate to give these men small farms. • These men were ________. • Why would Senators refuse to give them land? Section 3: The Fall of the republic Today we will describe how Julius Caesar seized power and made reforms by writing a cause and effect sentence. Predict: What would the founders of Rome’s Republic think?

29. The Roman army began paying soldiers and offered them land. Generals became politicians to get land. • How would this change the way soldiers felt? Who would they be loyal to? • A general named Sulla named himself dictator and changed the government for the worse. • Sulla stepped down, hoping Rome could become great again, but it led to __________. • Other men saw what Sulla did and ___________. Section 3: The Fall of the republic Today we will describe how Julius Caesar seized power and made reforms by writing a cause and effect sentence. Analyze: What it take for Rome to become a great city again?

30. In 60 B.C., Rome was ruled by a Triumvirate of rich military men: Crassus, Pompey, and Julius Caesar. • After defeating Gaul, Caesar was very popular. • He marched back to Rome with his 5,000 soldiers, starting a civil war. • He beat Pompey in battle in 48 B.C. and declared himself ___________. • What was the original purpose of the position of dictator? Section 3: The Fall of the republic Today we will describe how Julius Caesar seized power and made reforms by writing a cause and effect sentence.

31. Caesar made many reforms • He granted citizenship to people. • He started new colonies to provide land for the jobless and landless. • Why would this solution make both plebeians and patricians happy? • He created a new calendar. Section 3: The Fall of the republic Today we will describe how Julius Caesar seized power and made reforms by writing a cause and effect sentence. Predict: How did the people of Rome feel about Caesar?

32. Many Romans supported Caesar for bringing peace and order to Rome. • His enemies thought he wanted to be king. • In 44 B.C., he was stabbed to death on the steps of the Senate. Section 3: The Fall of the republic Today we will describe how Julius Caesar seized power and made reforms by writing a cause and effect sentence. You decide: Were they right to kill Caesar ?

33. Wrap it up: • Choose the 2 most important factors that led to Julius Caesar seizing power. • Choose the 2 most important reforms Caesar made. • Complete the following sentences in your notes. • Julius Caesar was able to seize power because _______________. • He made reforms by __________. • Be prepared to share! Section 3: The Fall of the republic Today we will describe how Julius Caesar seized power and made reforms by writing a cause and effect sentence.

34. Quickwrite: What is the difference between a republic and an empire? • Check your social studies book’s glossary if you need a reminder! Section 3: The Fall of the republic Today we will explain in writing how Rome became an empire under Augustus.

35. After Caesar’s murder, there was a violent civil war in Rome between the men who killed Caesar and Octavian, Caesar’s grandnephew. • After defeating Caesar’s murderers, Octavian formed the Second Triumvirate with Antony and Lepidus in 43 B.C. • They began ________right away. • Octavian made Lepidus ______. • Octavian and Antony split the Empire in half. Section 3: The Fall of the republic Today we will explain in writing how Rome became an empire under Augustus.

36. Antony fell in love with Cleopatra, the Egyptian queen. • Octavian told the Roman people that Antony was going to make himself the sole ruler with Cleopatra’s help. • The people were angry and Octavian declared war on Antony. • Octavian defeated Antony and Cleopatra’s forces at the Battle of Actium in 31 B.C. • The couple fled to Egypt and soon _______. Section 3: The Fall of the republic Today we will explain in writing how Rome became an empire under Augustus.

37. Octavian could have made himself dictator for life, but he knew the people of Rome wanted a republican government. • Cicero wrote about the need for representative government with limited power. Many people read his works and agreed. • Cicero supported Octavian, hoping he would restore the Republic. Section 3: The Fall of the republic Today we will explain in writing how Rome became an empire under Augustus.

38. In 27 B.C., Octavian announced he was bringing back the Republic. He named himself imperator, or emperor because _________. • He took the title Augustus, meaning “the revered or majestic one.” Section 3: The Fall of the republic Today we will explain in writing how Rome became an empire under Augustus.

39. Write a 1st person paragraph as Octavian, describing how you became Augustus. • Begin with the death of Caesar, your great uncle. • Include the Second Triumvirate and your battles with Antony. • Explain why you chose the government you did, and what effect Cicero had on you. • Include how you think the people of Rome might feel about you. Section 3: The Fall of the republic Today we will explain in writing how Rome became an empire under Augustus.

40. Quickwrite: Based on what we learned yesterday about Augustus’s rise to power, what kind of ruler do you think he will be? • Predict what things he may do. • Predict how he may have died. Section 4: The Early Empire Today we will discuss Augustus’s achievements by writing and delivering a funeral speech for him.

41. Augustus’s rule began a period called PaxRomana, or “_____________.” • When he became emperor in 27 B.C., Augustus wanted to make the empire ________. • He built a permanent, professional army of 150,000 Roman citizens. • Why would it matter that they were paid? That they were Roman citizens? • He created a special unit called the Praetorian Guard: 9,000 men in charge of __________. Section 4: The Early Empire Today we will discuss Augustus’s achievements by writing and delivering a funeral speech for him.

42. Augustus’s legions added to Rome’s territory, conquering all of Spain and Gaul, Austria, Hungary, Romania, & Bulgaria. • Augustus rebuilt Rome with __________________. • “I found Rome a city of brick and left it a city of marble.” • Augustus imported food to feed the poor. He knew a well-fed population would be _______________. Section 4: The Early Empire Today we will discuss Augustus’s achievements by writing and delivering a funeral speech for him.

43. Augustus was responsible for the _______ people living in the Roman Empire. • He spent most of his reign __________________.. • He appointed a proconsul (governor) for each of Rome’s provinces. • He replaced the old officials who had been chosen by the Senate. • He frequently visited provinces to ________________________. Section 4: The Early Empire Today we will discuss Augustus’s achievements by writing and delivering a funeral speech for him.

44. He reformed the tax system. • Tax collectors became government workers, so they didn’t ___________________. • He reformed the legal system. • He created laws for people in the provinces who were not citizens. • These people eventually became citizens, and all lived by the same laws. Section 4: The Early Empire Today we will discuss Augustus’s achievements by writing and delivering a funeral speech for him.

45. Augustus died in 14 A.D. after ruling for 40 years. There was no law about ______________. • Augustus had trained a relative, Claudius, to follow him. • The 3 emperors after Augustus were from his family, but were not _________________. • Caligula was strange and cruel. He had people murdered, wasted money, and appointed his horse as consul. • The Praetorian Guard killed him and made Claudius emperor. • Nero was vicious. He killed his mother and wives. He is remembered for ___________________. Section 4: The Early Empire Today we will discuss Augustus’s achievements by writing and delivering a funeral speech for him.

46. Imagine you were asked to speak at the funeral of Augustus about his many achievements in life. • Write a brief eulogy describing what he accomplished in life. • For more information on Octavian as a man, see p.289 in your book. • Be prepared to share. Section 4: The Early Empire Today we will discuss Augustus’s achievements by writing and delivering a funeral speech for him.

47. After Nero killed himself, there was a period of disorder until Vespasian, one of his proconsuls, took over. • Why was there disorder after his suicide? • Vespasian ended many rebellions in the empire and began building ____________. • After he died, his two sons Domitian and Titus ruled. During Titus’s rule, two disasters hit Rome: _______. Section 4: The Early Empire Today we will describe how Rome changed under “the Good Emperors” by listing and ordering their accomplishments.

48. At the beginning of 100 A.D. a period of peace and prosperity began under ______________: Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, Antoninus Pius, and Marcus Aurelius. • Agriculture flourished, trade increased, and the standard of living ________. • Trajan gave money to poor parents to help them ________________. • Antoninus Pius passed laws to help ____________. • Hadrian made laws easier to understand and apply • They all supported public building projects, like ____________________. Section 4: The Early Empire Today we will describe how Rome changed under “the Good Emperors” by listing and ordering their accomplishments. Which of these public building projects would have had the greatest impact on daily life for Romans?

49. Emperors continued to conquer territory for Rome, but it soon became _____________. • Hadrian began to pull troops out of Mesopotamia. • He built a wall ___________. • He set the northern boundaries at the Rhine River and the Danube River. • In the West, the empire spoke Latin. In the East, they spoke __________. • The languages and customs of the empire were different, but they were united by ____. Section 4: The Early Empire Today we will describe how Rome changed under “the Good Emperors” by listing and ordering their accomplishments. How would the diversity of languages and cultures affect the empire?

50. During the PaxRomana, • Rome had built an extensive network of ____. • How would this help the Empire? • The Roman navy had rid the Mediterranean of ___. • How would this help trade? • The Roman empire used a common _______. • How would this help trade? • The Romans created a standard system of ______. • How would this help trade? Section 4: The Early Empire Today we will describe how Rome changed under “the Good Emperors” by listing and ordering their accomplishments.