Overview of Antiinfective Medications and Their Uses

1. Chapter 12 Antiinfective Medications

2. Chapter 12 Lesson 12.1

3. Learning Objectives • Identify the major antiinfective drug categories and the organisms against which they are effective • Outline the most important things to teach the patient who is taking antiinfective drugs

4. Learning Objectives (cont.) • Define "spectrum" and explain what this word means in antiinfective therapy • List some of the most common adverse reactions to medications used to treat infections

5. Overview • Pathogen • Bacteria • Fungi • Viruses • Antimicrobials

6. Antibiotics • Broad-spectrum • Narrow-spectrum • Adverse reactions

7. Penicillins • Main antibiotic for years • Overuse • Penicillin-resistant strains • Broad-spectrum drug of choice

8. Penicillins (cont.) Action and Uses • Interferes with creation of the mucopeptide cell wall • Used to treat multiple infections • Overuse and allergies

9. Penicillins (cont.) Adverse Reactions • Neuropathy • High parenteral doses • Skin eruptions • GI symptoms • Urticaria • Laryngeal edema • Anaphylaxis Drug Interactions

10. Penicillins (cont.) Nursing Implications and Patient Teaching • Assessment • Signs of infection and allergies • Diagnosis • Planning • 10-day regimen • Implementation • Route of administration • Evaluation • Patient Teaching

11. Sulfonamides • Broad-spectrum antiinfective • Bacteriostatic action: inhibits folic acid synthesis in the cell

12. Sulfonamides (cont.) Action and Uses • Urinary tract infections • Effectively treats multiple microorganisms • Preoperative and postoperative therapy for bowel surgery

13. Sulfonamides (cont.) Adverse Reactions Drug Interactions • Potentiate • Decrease effectiveness Nursing Implications and Patient Teaching • Contraindications

14. Broad-Spectrum Antibiotics • Bactericidal or bacteriostatic

15. Broad-Spectrum Antibiotics (cont.) Action and Uses • Large number of unrelated drugs used to treat infections caused by susceptible organisms • Gram-positive or gram-negative organisms

16. Broad-Spectrum Antibiotics (cont.) Adverse Reactions • Superinfections • Drug interactions are individualized • Food interactions • Affected organs: auditory nerves, kidneys, and liver • Cross-sensitivity Nursing Implications and Patient Teaching

17. Chapter 12 Lesson 12.2

18. Learning Objectives • Identify the major antiinfective drug categories and the organisms against which they are effective • Outline the most important things to teach the patient who is taking antiinfective drugs • List some of the most common adverse reactions to medications used to treat infections

19. Antitubercular Drugs Overview • Underdeveloped nations • Risks • Etiology: Mycobacterium tuberculosis

20. Antitubercular Drugs (cont.) Action and Uses • Most antitubercular drugs are bacteriostatic: have intracellular or extracellular effects that prevent the organism from building new cell walls, thus limiting growth and spread • Some antitubercular drugs are bactericidal • Length of treatment • Chemoprophylaxis • Box 12-1 High-Priority Candidates for Tuberculosis-Preventive Therapy

21. Antitubercular Drugs (cont.) Adverse Reactions • Common symptoms • Toxicity: body sights affected • Combination therapy • Drug-specific symptoms

22. Antitubercular Drugs (cont.) Drug Interactions • Use of other drugs during therapy Nursing Implications and Patient Teaching • Assessment • Diagnosis • History, chest x-ray, labs • Additional patient needs • Planning • Length of treatment • Implementation • Dose • Evaluation • Patient and Family Teaching

23. Antiparasitic Drugs • Amebicides • Anthelmintics • Antimalarials

24. Amebicides • Entamoeba histolytica • Relationship to traveling • Infection sights in the body

25. Amebicides (cont.) Action and Uses • Destroy invading ameba • Treatment of intestinal and extraintestinal amebiasis. • Drug choice depends on location

26. Amebicides (cont.) Adverse Reactions • Common: nausea, vomiting, anorexia, diarrhea, GI distress, hepatic abscess • Drug-specific adverse reactions • Overdose

27. Amebicides (cont.) • Drug Interactions • Nursing Implications • Patient Teaching

28. Anthelmintics • Helminthiasis: infestation by worms • Common infestations: Pinworms Roundworms Hookworms Tapeworms Whipworms

29. Anthelmintics (cont.) Action and Uses • Action is drug specific • Drugs used: • Thiabendazole • Niclosamide and paromomycin • Piperazine and pyrantel pamoate • Diethylcarbamazine citrate • Mebendazole

30. Anthelmintics (cont.) Adverse Reactions • Drug specific • Allergic reaction due to dead microfilaria

31. Anthelmintics (cont.) Drug Interactions Nursing Implications and Patient Teaching • Assessment • Diagnosis • Planning • Implementation • Preventing transmission • Evaluation

32. Antimalarials Action • Interfere with the life cycle of Plasmodium Uses • Prevention and treatment Adverse Reactions • Drug specific: blood dyscrasias, visual and neurologic changes Drug Interactions • Drug specific: dermatologic, ototoxic, or neurologic symptoms

33. Antimalarials (cont.) Nursing Implications and Patient Teaching • Assessment • Symptoms • Diagnosis • Planning • Treatment is strain related • Implementation • Loading dose • Prevention • Evaluation • Laboratory and diagnostic monitoring; eye examination