Chapter 13 Emotion

1. Chapter 13 Emotion

2. Emotion Emotion *a response of the whole organism --physiological arousal --expressive behaviors --conscious experience Does your heart pound because you are afraid... or are you afraid because you feel your heart pounding? (level 4)

3. Neuroscience of Emotions

4. Neuroscience of Emotion Biological Mechanisms at work behind our emotions: Role of Limbic System Role of Reticular Formation Role of Cerebral Cortex Role of Autonomic Nervous System Role of Hormones

5. Neuroscience of Emotion 1) Role of Limbic System The Amygdala is a neural key to fear learning Like a guard dog, it is continuously alert for threats.

6. Neuroscience of Emotion Located in the brain stem, works with the thalamus & amygdala to monitor incoming info. 2) Role of Reticular Formation If threat is detected, the RF sets off automatic responses: *arouse brain *heart accelerate *respiration increase *mouth dry *muscles tense.

7. Location:･The cerebral cortex is the outer portion (1.5mm to 5mm) of the cerebrum. It is divided into 4 lobes: frontal, parietal, temporal and occipital. Neuroscience of Emotion 3) Role of Cerebral Cortex Function: ･･Determines Intelligence ･･Determines Personality ･･Interpretation of Sensory Impulses ･･Motor Function ･･Planning and Organization ･･Touch/Sensation In general: **right hemisphere specializes in negative emotions **left hemisphere specializes in positive emotions

8. Autonomic nervous system controls physiological arousal Sympathetic division (arousing) Pupils dilate Decreases Perspires Increases Accelerates Inhibits Secrete stress hormones Parasympathetic division (calming) Pupils contract Increases Dries Decreases Slows Activates Decreases secretion of stress hormones EYES SALIVATION SKIN RESPIRATION HEART DIGESTION ADRENAL GLANDS Neuroscience of Emotion 4) Role of Autonomic Nervous System

9. Neuroscience of Emotion 5) Role of Hormones Important Hormones in Emotion: **Serotonin Depression **Epinephrine Fear **Norepinephrine Anger **Steroids Act on nerve cells causing rage or (cortisol) depression (also mood changes associated with pregnancy and PMS may be related to steroids.)

10. Theories of Emotions

11. Sight of oncoming car (perception of stimulus) Pounding heart (arousal) Fear (emotion) James-Lange Theory of Emotion Experience of emotion is awareness of physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli

12. Pounding heart (arousal) Sight of oncoming car (perception of stimulus) Fear (emotion) Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion Emotion-arousing stimuli simultaneously trigger: --physiological responses --subjective experience of emotion

13. Pounding heart (arousal) Sight of oncoming car (perception of stimulus) Fear (emotion) Cognitive label “I’m afraid” Schachter’s Two Factor Theory of Emotion To experience emotion one must: --be physically aroused --cognitively label the arousal

14. The Two-Factor Theory would predict that a decaffeinated-coffee drinker who accidentally drank coffee with caffeine could mistake the resulting physical arousal for emotion.

15. “Fight or Flight” Response is our body's primitive, automatic, inborn response that prepares the body to "fight" or "flee" from perceived attack, harm or threat to our survival. Discovered by the great Harvard physiologist Walter Cannon, this response is hard-wired into our brains and represents a genetic wisdom designed to protect us from bodily harm. This response actually corresponds to an area of our brain called the hypothalamus, which—when stimulated—initiates a sequence of nerve cell firing and chemical release that prepares our body for running or fighting.

16. Mirror Neurons and Football http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/sciencenow/video/3204/q01-036.html

17. Eight Basic Emotions Plutchik believes that emotions have four dimensions: Positive or negative Primary or mixed Polar opposites Varying intensity

18. Eight Basic Emotions Plutchik believes emotions are like colors. Every color of the spectrum can be produced by mixing the primary colors. The eight primary emotions are: fear, surprise, sadness, disgust, anger, joy, anticipation, and acceptance.

19. Eight Basic Emotions By contrast, secondary emotions are produced by combinations of primary emotions that are adjacent on the emotional wheel. Plutchik believes that emotions that are opposites cannot be experienced at the same time.

20. Strong Strong Neutral Neutral Strong Strong First experience After repeated experiences (a) (b) Opponent-Process Theory of Emotion

21. Physiological activation Appraisal Emotional response Expressive behavior Event Subjective experience Two Routes to Emotion Lazarus/Schachter Zajonc/LeDoux

22. Positive valence pleasant relaxation joy Low arousal High arousal fear anger sadness Negative valence Two Dimensions of Emotion

23. Arousal and Performance Performance peaks at lower levels of arousal for difficult tasks, and at higher levels for easy or well-learned tasks Performance level Difficult tasks Easy tasks Low Arousal High

24. Lie Detectors and Emotions

25. Emotion-Lie Detectors Polygraph *machine commonly used in attempts to detect lies *measures several of the physiological responses accompanying emotion --perspiration --heart rate --blood pressure --breathing changes

26. Emotion- Lie Detectors Control Question *Up to age 18, did you ever physically harm anyone? Relevant Question *Did the deceased threaten to harm you in any way? Relevant > Control --> Lie

27. QUESTIONING USED WITH LIE DETECTORS CONTROL QUESTION (CQT) compares the physiological response to relevant questions about the crime with the response to questions relating to possible prior misdeeds. DIRECTED LIE TEST (DLT) tries to detect lying by comparing physiological responses when the subject is told to deliberately lie to responses when they tell the truth. GUILTY KNOWLEDGE TEST (GKT) compares physiological responses to multiple-choice type questions about the crime, one choice of which contains information only the crime investigators and the criminal would know about

28. Respiration Perspiration Heart rate Control question Relevant question Control question Relevant question (a) (b) Emotion-Lie Detectors

29. Percentage 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Innocent people Guilty people Judged innocent by polygraph Judged guilty by polygraph Emotion-Lie Detectors 50 Innocents 50 Thieves --1/3 of innocent declared guilty --1/4 of guilty declared innocent (from Kleinmuntz & Szucko, 1984)

30. Emotion-Lie Detectors Is 70% accuracy good? *Assume 5% of 1000 employees actually guilty --test all employees --285 will be wrongly accused What about 95% accuracy? *Assume 1 in 1000 employees actually guilty --test all employees (including 999 innocents) --50 wrongly declared guilty --1 of 51 testing positive are guilty (2%)

31. Emotion-Lie Detectors *Do you agree with the idea that law enforcement agencies place so much validity with lie-detector machines? (level 5) *Under what conditions might lie-detectors be accurate? (level 5) *What is your opinion as to lie-detectors being admissible in a court of law? (level 5)

32. Expressing Emotions

33. Expressed Emotion People more speedily detect an angry face than a happy one (Ohman, 2001a)

35. 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 Number of expressions Women Men Sad Happy Scary Film Type Expressing Emotion Gender and expressiveness

36. Expressed Emotion • Culturally universal expressions

37. Experienced Emotion • The ingredients of emotion

38. Experienced Emotion • Infants’ naturally occurring emotions

39. Experienced Emotion • The Amygdala--a neural key to fear learning

40. Experiencing Emotion Catharsis Hypothesis *emotional release *catharsis hypothesis --“releasing” aggressive energy (through action or fantasy) relieves aggressive urges --can actually create MORE hostility and MORE aggressiveness (stewing = revenge) --can become “conditioned” as a way to handle anger Better to calmly confront the situation—by telling the person how you feel or finding a way to release energy (exercise, music, or confiding in another person)

41. Experiencing Emotion Feel-good, do-good phenomenon *people’s tendency to be helpful when already in a good mood

42. Experiencing Emotion Subjective Well-Being *self-perceived happiness or satisfaction with life *used along with measures of objective well-being --physical and economic indicators to evaluate people’s quality of life

43. Experienced Emotion Moods across the day

44. $20,000 $19,000 $18,000 $17,000 $16,000 $15,000 $14,000 $13,000 $12,000 $11,000 $10,000 $9,000 $8,000 $7,000 $6,000 $5,000 $4,000 Average per-person after-tax income in 1995 dollars 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Percentage describing themselves as very happy Personal income Percentage very happy 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 Year Experienced Emotion Does money buy happiness? (level 5)

45. 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 -0.2 -0.4 Importance scores Money Love 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00 Life satisfaction Experienced Emotion Values and life satisfaction

46. 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Percentage rating goal as very important or essential Being very well-off financially Developing a meaningful life philosophy 1966 ‘68 ‘70 ‘72 ‘74 ‘76 ‘78 ‘80 ‘82 ‘84 ‘86 ‘88 ‘90 ‘92 ‘94 ‘96 Year Experiencing Emotion Are today’s collegians materialistic? (level 5)

47. “I cried because I had no shoes . . . . until I met a man who had no feet.”

48. Experiencing Emotion Adaptation-Level Phenomenon *tendency to form judgements relative to a “neutral” level --brightness of lights --volume of sound --level of income *defined by our prior experience Relative Deprivation *perception that one is worse off relative to those with whom one compares oneself

49. “I cried because I had no shoes . . . . until I met a man who had no feet.” Evaluate the quote above, using the adaptation-level phenomenon. Evaluate the quote above, using the relative-deprivation principle.

50. However, Happiness Seems Not Much Related to Other Factors, Such as Age Gender (women are more often depressed, but also more often joyful) Education levels Parenthood (having children or not) Physical attractiveness Researchers Have Found That Happy People Tend to Have high self-esteem (in individualistic countries) Be optimistic, outgoing, and agreeable Have close friendships or a satisfying marriage Have work and leisure that engage their skills Have a meaningful religious faith Sleep well and exercise Happiness is...