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Understanding the Composition and Production of Blood - Plasma, Blood Cells, and Coagulation

Learn about the composition of blood, including plasma and the cellular elements. Explore the production of blood cells and the functions of different types of blood cells. Discover how platelets and coagulation play a role in maintaining blood health.

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Understanding the Composition and Production of Blood - Plasma, Blood Cells, and Coagulation

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  1. Blood 16

  2. About this Chapter • Plasma and the cellular elements of blood • Blood cell production • Red blood cells • Platelets and coagulation

  3. Composition of Blood Figure 16-1 (1 of 2)

  4. Composition of Blood Figure 16-1 (2 of 2)

  5. Plasma Proteins

  6. Cellular Elements • Three main cellular elements • Platelets split off from megakaryocyte • Five types of mature white blood cells • Monocytes develop into macrophages • Tissue basophils are mast cells • Neutrophils, monocytes and macrophages are known as phagocytes • Lymphocytes are also called immunocytes • Basophils, eosinophils and neutrophils are also called granulocytes

  7. Hematopoiesis Figure 16-2 (1 of 2)

  8. Hematopoiesis Figure 16-2 (2 of 2)

  9. Blood Cells

  10. Clinical Tests The blood count Hematocrit: ratio of red blood cells to plasma Figure 16-3

  11. Focus on … Bone Marrow Figure 16-4a

  12. Focus on … Bone Marrow Figure 16-4b

  13. Focus on … Bone Marrow (c) Mature blood cells squeeze through the endothelium to reach the circulation. Stem cell Red blood cell maturation Reticulocyte expelling nucleus Mature neutrophil Platelets Fragments of megakaryocyte break off to become platelets. Venous sinus Reticular fiber Neutrophil maturation Reticular cell Stem cell The stroma is composed of fibroblast-like reticular cells, collagenous fibers, and extracellular matrix. Macrophage Monocyte Lymphocyte Figure 16-4c

  14. Focus on … Bone Marrow (c) Stem cell Platelets Fragments of megakaryocyte break off to become platelets. Venous sinus Reticular fiber Reticular cell Stem cell The stroma is composed of fibroblast-like reticular cells, collagenous fibers, and extracellular matrix. Macrophage Monocyte Lymphocyte Figure 16-4c (1 of 11)

  15. Focus on … Bone Marrow (c) Stem cell Red blood cell maturation Platelets Fragments of megakaryocyte break off to become platelets. Venous sinus Reticular fiber Reticular cell Stem cell The stroma is composed of fibroblast-like reticular cells, collagenous fibers, and extracellular matrix. Macrophage Monocyte Lymphocyte Figure 16-4c (2 of 11)

  16. Focus on … Bone Marrow (c) Stem cell Red blood cell maturation Platelets Fragments of megakaryocyte break off to become platelets. Venous sinus Reticular fiber Reticular cell Stem cell The stroma is composed of fibroblast-like reticular cells, collagenous fibers, and extracellular matrix. Macrophage Monocyte Lymphocyte Figure 16-4c (3 of 11)

  17. Focus on … Bone Marrow (c) Stem cell Red blood cell maturation Reticulocyte expelling nucleus Platelets Fragments of megakaryocyte break off to become platelets. Venous sinus Reticular fiber Reticular cell Stem cell The stroma is composed of fibroblast-like reticular cells, collagenous fibers, and extracellular matrix. Macrophage Monocyte Lymphocyte Figure 16-4c (4 of 11)

  18. Focus on … Bone Marrow (c) Stem cell Red blood cell maturation Reticulocyte expelling nucleus Platelets Fragments of megakaryocyte break off to become platelets. Venous sinus Reticular fiber Reticular cell Stem cell The stroma is composed of fibroblast-like reticular cells, collagenous fibers, and extracellular matrix. Macrophage Monocyte Lymphocyte Figure 16-4c (5 of 11)

  19. Focus on … Bone Marrow (c) Mature blood cells squeeze through the endothelium to reach the circulation. Stem cell Red blood cell maturation Reticulocyte expelling nucleus Platelets Fragments of megakaryocyte break off to become platelets. Venous sinus Reticular fiber Reticular cell Stem cell The stroma is composed of fibroblast-like reticular cells, collagenous fibers, and extracellular matrix. Macrophage Monocyte Lymphocyte Figure 16-4c (6 of 11)

  20. Focus on … Bone Marrow (c) Mature blood cells squeeze through the endothelium to reach the circulation. Stem cell Red blood cell maturation Reticulocyte expelling nucleus Platelets Fragments of megakaryocyte break off to become platelets. Venous sinus Reticular fiber Neutrophil maturation Reticular cell Stem cell The stroma is composed of fibroblast-like reticular cells, collagenous fibers, and extracellular matrix. Macrophage Monocyte Lymphocyte Figure 16-4c (7 of 11)

  21. Focus on … Bone Marrow (c) Mature blood cells squeeze through the endothelium to reach the circulation. Stem cell Red blood cell maturation Reticulocyte expelling nucleus Platelets Fragments of megakaryocyte break off to become platelets. Venous sinus Reticular fiber Neutrophil maturation Reticular cell Stem cell The stroma is composed of fibroblast-like reticular cells, collagenous fibers, and extracellular matrix. Macrophage Monocyte Lymphocyte Figure 16-4c (8 of 11)

  22. Focus on … Bone Marrow (c) Mature blood cells squeeze through the endothelium to reach the circulation. Stem cell Red blood cell maturation Reticulocyte expelling nucleus Platelets Fragments of megakaryocyte break off to become platelets. Venous sinus Reticular fiber Neutrophil maturation Reticular cell Stem cell The stroma is composed of fibroblast-like reticular cells, collagenous fibers, and extracellular matrix. Macrophage Monocyte Lymphocyte Figure 16-4c (9 of 11)

  23. Focus on … Bone Marrow (c) Mature blood cells squeeze through the endothelium to reach the circulation. Stem cell Red blood cell maturation Reticulocyte expelling nucleus Platelets Fragments of megakaryocyte break off to become platelets. Venous sinus Reticular fiber Neutrophil maturation Reticular cell Stem cell The stroma is composed of fibroblast-like reticular cells, collagenous fibers, and extracellular matrix. Macrophage Monocyte Lymphocyte Figure 16-4c (10 of 11)

  24. Focus on … Bone Marrow (c) Mature blood cells squeeze through the endothelium to reach the circulation. Stem cell Red blood cell maturation Reticulocyte expelling nucleus Mature neutrophil Platelets Fragments of megakaryocyte break off to become platelets. Venous sinus Reticular fiber Neutrophil maturation Reticular cell Stem cell The stroma is composed of fibroblast-like reticular cells, collagenous fibers, and extracellular matrix. Macrophage Monocyte Lymphocyte Figure 16-4c (11 of 11)

  25. Red Blood Cells Figure 16-5

  26. Osmotic Changes to Red Blood Cells Morphology of red blood cells can provide clues to the presence of disease. Figure 16-6

  27. Iron Metabolism Figure 16-7

  28. Red Blood Cells • Live for about 120 days • Hemoglobin components are recycled • Remnants of heme groups • Bilirubin and excreted in bile • Jaundice • Elevated levels of bilirubin

  29. Red Blood Cells

  30. Sickled Red Blood Cells Figure 16-8

  31. Platelets and Megakaryocytes Figure 16-9a

  32. Overview of Hemostasis and Tissue Repair Damage to wall of blood vessel Collagen exposed Tissue factor exposed Platelets adhere and release platelet factors Vasoconstriction Coagulation cascade Thrombin formation Platelets aggregate into loose platelet plug Converts fibrinogen to fibrin Reinforced platelet plug (clot) Temporary hemostasis Fibrin slowly dissolved by plasmin Cell growth and tissue repair Clot dissolves Intact blood vessel wall Figure 16-10

  33. Overview of Hemostasis and Tissue Repair Damage to wall of blood vessel Figure 16-10 (1 of 17)

  34. Overview of Hemostasis and Tissue Repair Damage to wall of blood vessel Collagen exposed Figure 16-10 (2 of 17)

  35. Overview of Hemostasis and Tissue Repair Damage to wall of blood vessel Collagen exposed Tissue factor exposed Figure 16-10 (3 of 17)

  36. Overview of Hemostasis and Tissue Repair Damage to wall of blood vessel Collagen exposed Tissue factor exposed Coagulation cascade Figure 16-10 (4 of 17)

  37. Overview of Hemostasis and Tissue Repair Damage to wall of blood vessel Collagen exposed Tissue factor exposed Platelets adhere and release platelet factors Coagulation cascade Figure 16-10 (5 of 17)

  38. Overview of Hemostasis and Tissue Repair Damage to wall of blood vessel Collagen exposed Tissue factor exposed Platelets adhere and release platelet factors Vasoconstriction Coagulation cascade Figure 16-10 (6 of 17)

  39. Overview of Hemostasis and Tissue Repair Damage to wall of blood vessel Collagen exposed Tissue factor exposed Platelets adhere and release platelet factors Vasoconstriction Coagulation cascade Platelets aggregate into loose platelet plug Figure 16-10 (7 of 17)

  40. Overview of Hemostasis and Tissue Repair Damage to wall of blood vessel Collagen exposed Tissue factor exposed Platelets adhere and release platelet factors Vasoconstriction Coagulation cascade Platelets aggregate into loose platelet plug Figure 16-10 (8 of 17)

  41. Overview of Hemostasis and Tissue Repair Damage to wall of blood vessel Collagen exposed Tissue factor exposed Platelets adhere and release platelet factors Vasoconstriction Coagulation cascade Platelets aggregate into loose platelet plug Temporary hemostasis Figure 16-10 (9 of 17)

  42. Overview of Hemostasis and Tissue Repair Damage to wall of blood vessel Collagen exposed Tissue factor exposed Platelets adhere and release platelet factors Vasoconstriction Coagulation cascade Platelets aggregate into loose platelet plug Reinforced platelet plug (clot) Temporary hemostasis Figure 16-10 (10 of 17)

  43. Overview of Hemostasis and Tissue Repair Damage to wall of blood vessel Collagen exposed Tissue factor exposed Platelets adhere and release platelet factors Vasoconstriction Coagulation cascade Thrombin formation Platelets aggregate into loose platelet plug Reinforced platelet plug (clot) Temporary hemostasis Figure 16-10 (11 of 17)

  44. Overview of Hemostasis and Tissue Repair Damage to wall of blood vessel Collagen exposed Tissue factor exposed Platelets adhere and release platelet factors Vasoconstriction Coagulation cascade Thrombin formation Platelets aggregate into loose platelet plug Converts fibrinogen to fibrin Reinforced platelet plug (clot) Temporary hemostasis Figure 16-10 (12 of 17)

  45. Overview of Hemostasis and Tissue Repair Damage to wall of blood vessel Collagen exposed Tissue factor exposed Platelets adhere and release platelet factors Vasoconstriction Coagulation cascade Thrombin formation Platelets aggregate into loose platelet plug Converts fibrinogen to fibrin Reinforced platelet plug (clot) Temporary hemostasis Figure 16-10 (13 of 17)

  46. Overview of Hemostasis and Tissue Repair Damage to wall of blood vessel Collagen exposed Tissue factor exposed Platelets adhere and release platelet factors Vasoconstriction Coagulation cascade Thrombin formation Platelets aggregate into loose platelet plug Converts fibrinogen to fibrin Reinforced platelet plug (clot) Temporary hemostasis Cell growth and tissue repair Figure 16-10 (14 of 17)

  47. Overview of Hemostasis and Tissue Repair Damage to wall of blood vessel Collagen exposed Tissue factor exposed Platelets adhere and release platelet factors Vasoconstriction Coagulation cascade Thrombin formation Platelets aggregate into loose platelet plug Converts fibrinogen to fibrin Reinforced platelet plug (clot) Temporary hemostasis Fibrin slowly dissolved by plasmin Cell growth and tissue repair Figure 16-10 (15 of 17)

  48. Overview of Hemostasis and Tissue Repair Damage to wall of blood vessel Collagen exposed Tissue factor exposed Platelets adhere and release platelet factors Vasoconstriction Coagulation cascade Thrombin formation Platelets aggregate into loose platelet plug Converts fibrinogen to fibrin Reinforced platelet plug (clot) Temporary hemostasis Fibrin slowly dissolved by plasmin Cell growth and tissue repair Clot dissolves Figure 16-10 (16 of 17)

  49. Overview of Hemostasis and Tissue Repair Damage to wall of blood vessel Collagen exposed Tissue factor exposed Platelets adhere and release platelet factors Vasoconstriction Coagulation cascade Thrombin formation Platelets aggregate into loose platelet plug Converts fibrinogen to fibrin Reinforced platelet plug (clot) Temporary hemostasis Fibrin slowly dissolved by plasmin Cell growth and tissue repair Clot dissolves Intact blood vessel wall Figure 16-10 (17 of 17)

  50. Platelet Plug Formation Figure 16-11

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