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Linguistics

Linguistics . The sixth week . Chapter 2 The Sounds of Language. 2.2.5 Variations of sounds. Key points . 1. Liaison 2. Elision and assimilation. Difficult points. Elision Assimilation. Liaison.

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Linguistics

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  1. Linguistics The sixth week

  2. Chapter 2 The Sounds of Language • 2.2.5 Variations of sounds

  3. Key points • 1. Liaison • 2. Elision and assimilation

  4. Difficult points • Elision • Assimilation

  5. Liaison • We sometimes link words together. Such as [r], a word beginning with a vowel follows: here are • Such a phenomenon of the linking of words in speech, in particular when the second word begins with a vowel, is called liaison.

  6. Elision • Some sounds may disappear. The loss of a sound or sounds in speech like these is called elision.

  7. Assimilation • sounds belonging to one word or one syllable can cause changes in sounds belonging to neighboring words or syllables. This is called assimilation.

  8. Regressive assimilation(逆同化): Progressive assimilation (顺同化) • As the following sounds bring about the change, this process is called regressive assimilation(逆同化): impossible, intolerant. The preceding sounds bring about the change is progressive assimilation (顺同化): dogs, cats.

  9. Assimilation • ex. 1-1 Dentalization • a. tent [tent] tenth [tenθ] • b. ninety [nainti] ninth [nainθ] • ex. 1-2 Nasalization • a. leap [li:p] lean [li:n] • b. tap [tap] tan [tæn] • ex. 1-3 Velarization • a. since [sins] silk [silk] • b. mince [mins] milk [milk]

  10. ex. 1-4 Devoicing • a. late [leit] plate [pleit] • b. ray [rei] pray [prei] • ex. 1-5 aspiration • a. top [tƆp] stop [stƆp] • b. pit [pit] spit[spit]

  11. Assimilation can occur across syllable or word boundaries, as shown by the following: • Ex. 2-1 • a. pan [n] cake • b. sun [n] glasses • ex. 2-2 • a. you can [n] keep them • b. he can [n] go now

  12. The followings show how fricatives and affricates in English may be assimilated invoicing. • Ex. 3-1 • a. five past [faivpa:st] [faifpa:st] • b. love to [lΛvte] [lΛfte] • c. as can be shown [ezkenbifoun] [eskenbifoun]

  13. Phonological rules • (1) voiced fricative → voiceless∕________ voiceless. • (2) Nasalization rule • [- nasal] → [+nasal] ∕ ___________ [+ nasal] • (3) Dentalization rule • [-dental] → [+dental] ∕ ___________ [+ dental] • (4) Velarization rule • [-velar] → [velar] ∕ ___________ [+ velar]

  14. (5) Φ→ [n] ∕ [e]_________ v • Ex. 4-1 • a. a hotel, a use, a wagon, a big man, a yellow rug, a white house • b. an apple, an honor, an orange curtain, an old lady

  15. Assignment • Review the part of assimilation

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