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LINGUISTICS

LINGUISTICS. A COURSE BOOK By HU Zhuang-lin Beijing University Press ISBN 7-3-1-05014-3/H 0622. Chapter Four Syntax (PART THREE). Teaching aim

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LINGUISTICS

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  1. LINGUISTICS • A COURSE BOOK • By HU Zhuang-lin • Beijing University Press • ISBN 7-3-1-05014-3/H 0622

  2. Chapter Four Syntax(PART THREE) • Teaching aim • Introduce the generative approach to the analysis of language, a sketchy description of its main features informally. • Teaching points • 1. Deep and surface structures • 2. The standard theory and after

  3. I. Deep and surface structure

  4. Deep structuremay be defined as the abstract representation of the syntactic properties of a construction, i.e. the underlying level of structural relations between its different constituents, such as the relation between the underlying subject and its verb, or a verb and its object.

  5. Surface structure is the final stage in the syntactic derivation of a construction, which closely corresponds to the structural organization of a construction people actually produce and receive.

  6. Surface Structure Deep Structure Phrase Structure Component Transformational Component Morpho-phonemic Component . • Phrase Structure component: Phrase structure rules. • For example, the sentence “ The man hit a ball” originates from6 the phrase structure rules as follows: • S→ NP+VP • VP → V + NP • NP →Det+N • Det →the, a , etc. • N →man, ball, etc. • V →hit, took, etc.

  7. Surface Structure Deep Structure Phrase Structure Component Transformational Component Morpho-phonemic Component . • Phrase Structure component: Phrase structure rules. • Transformational component: Transformational rules, which change the deep structures generated by the phrase structure component into surface structures. • Morpho-phonemic component: Morpho-phonemic rules for the correct spelling and pronunciation of the words in the surface structure.

  8. Surface Structure Deep Structure Base Component Categories lexicon Transformational Component Phonological Component Semantic Component . • In 1965 Chomsky published his second important book Aspects of the Theory of Syntax and introduced some modifications to his first model. The most important of them is that at the suggestion of John Katz and others he added a semantic component to it.

  9. Surface Structure Deep Structure Base Component Categories lexicon Transformational Component Phonological Component Semantic Component . • The Base component and the transformational component together make up the syntactic component. In other words, a language is now seen as consisting of three major parts: syntax, semantics and phonology. • The base component itself is divided into two sub-components: categories and lexicon.

  10. Surface Structure Deep Structure Base Component Categories lexicon Transformational Component Phonological Component Semantic Component . • Categories, or category component, contains rewriting rules more or less the same as the phrase structure rules in the first model. One difference is that at the end of a derivation there are no longer rules inserting words directly as: • N → man, ball, etc • but rules with features specifications for the words to be inserted like: • N → [ + N, + Common, - Count, +Abstract] • V → [ +V, +----NP, +----that S’]

  11. Surface Structure Deep Structure Base Component Categories lexicon Transformational Component Phonological Component Semantic Component . • The features of each word are specified in the lexicon. • Nouns are specified as follows: • Sincerity → [ +N, +Abstract] • Boy → [ +N, +Common, +Human] • Verbs are subcategorized according to the context they occur in: • Elapse → [ +V, +----#] • Eat → [ +V, +----NP, +----#] • Grow → [ +V, +----NP, +----#, +----Adjective] • Believe → [+V, +----NP, +----that S’]

  12. The standard theory after

  13. Surface Structure Deep Structure Base Component Categories lexicon Transformational Component Phonological Component Semantic Component . • The first stage: The extended version of the linguistic model shown as above. • As for passive transformation, for example, one may say “ I have been taught by Einstein” but not Einstein has taught me” since he is dead, which shows that surface structure also has some bearing on semantic interpretation.

  14. Surface Structure Deep Structure Base Component Categories lexicon Transformational Component Phonological Component Semantic Component . • It was soon discovered that even this extended version is not adequate enough. There were suggestions that if we introduce the notion trace, all the necessary information for semantic interpretation may come from the surface structure. In other words, the semantic component could rely entirely on the output of surface structure as above.

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