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welcome

welcome. 陈超宇 严冬勤 王巧燕 鲍铮铮 钱薇 胡燕燕 王小燕 赵新景. Microorganisms. &. Organic Pollutants. Chemic pollutants. P hysical pollutants. B iologic pollutants. Pollutants. O rganic pollutants. Pollutants. I norganic pollutants. inartificial. artificial. Pollutants. Why???.

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  1. welcome 陈超宇 严冬勤 王巧燕 鲍铮铮 钱薇 胡燕燕 王小燕 赵新景

  2. Microorganisms & Organic Pollutants

  3. Chemic pollutants Physical pollutants Biologic pollutants Pollutants Organicpollutants Pollutants Inorganic pollutants

  4. inartificial artificial Pollutants Why??? Have the super power to destroy… Microorganisms Organicpollutants

  5. Potential of the microorganisms The basic characteristics • Diversity in species • Large number • Diversity in metabolizing • Distributing abroad So they can deal with the great number of the various inartificial pollutants successfully

  6. Potential of the microorganisms A big family

  7. Potential of the microorganisms

  8. Potential of the microorganisms Microorganisms? To the artificial pollutants ? • artificial pollutants ☆in larger number ☆more kinds ☆increase at a great speed both in number and kind ☆new to the world (microorganisms) … … Harder to degrade

  9. Potential of the microorganisms • More characteristics ◎ resistance to environmental stresses ◎ small ◎ reproduce at a fast speed and in different ways ◎ simple structure ◎ easy to aberrance(变异) Have the Potential to deal with the artificial pollutants

  10. Potential of the microorganisms

  11. Potential of the microorganisms

  12. Potential of the microorganisms • Iron deposit in an unidentified bacterium stained with phenol cotton blue. Isolated from basin of a utility plant cooling tower

  13. Potential of the microorganisms What will the microorganisms do ? • mutation (form new kinds) • inducement (form new enzyme system) Human need and could enhance their ability (u will c later…)

  14. constitution of engineering bacteria What ??? • Two methods: 1) Plasmid-assisted molecular breeding 2) Genetic engineering breeding

  15. Plasmid • Plasmids are small double-stranded DNA molecules. usually circular, that can exist independently of host chromosomes and are present in many bacteria. • Plasmidscan transfer copies of themselves to other bacteria during conjugation

  16. Hybridization of plasmid inartificial artificial Plasmid transfer of plasmids Two methods Plasmid-assisted molecular breeding conjugative plasmid transfer integrative plasmid transfer Genetic engineering breeding recombinant plasmid transfer

  17. Genetic engineering breeding • Gene isolation • DNA recombine • Transfer by carrier • Copy and expression • Filtration and breeding

  18. Genetic engineering breeding

  19. Biodegradability of organic pollutants Easy? Hard? Biodegradation of the organic pollutants How to Assess that (biodegradability)?

  20. Biodegradation • Biodegradation is the breakdown of organic contaminants that occurs due to microbial activity. • Biodegradation of any organic compound can be thought of as a series of biological degradation steps or a pathway that ultimately results in the oxidation of the parent compound.

  21. Biodegradability Assessment Three methods: Assessed by the character of basic matter Assessed by Bio-oxidation rate Assessed by breath rate

  22. Biodegradability Assessment • Assessed by the character of basic matter • Menstruate the character of organic pollutants, such as BOD5,COD,VS,TS, the biodegradation can be assessed by the rate of BOD5/COD, and VS/TS • Normally, the ratio BOD/COD is approximately 0.5. when this ratio falls below 0.3, it means that the sample contains large amounts of organic compounds that are not easily biodegraded.

  23. the character of basic matter BOD(Biochemical Oxygen Demand) is the amount of dissolved oxygen consumed by microorganisms during the biochemical oxidation of organic and inorganic matter. BOD5(the 5-day BOD test) is a measure of the amount of oxygen consumed by a mixed population of heterotrophic bacteria in the dark at 20oC over a period of 5 days. COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand) is the amount of oxygen necessary to oxidize all of the organic carbon completely to CO2 and H2O. .

  24. Biodegradability Assessment • Assessed by the character of basic matter • The relationship between BOD5/COD and Bio-oxidation rate

  25. Biodegradability Assessment 2. Assessed by Bio-oxidation rate Bio-oxidation rate=————————————*100% oxygen needed when the stroma be decomposed by microorganism oxygen needed to totally decompose the stroma

  26. Biodegradability Assessment 2. Assessed by Bio-oxidation rate • The date should be compared in the same condition ,for example, the same environment and activated sludge Bio-oxidation rate(%)

  27. Biodegradability Assessment 2. Assessed by Bio-oxidation rate 华氏呼吸仪

  28. Biodegradability Assessment 3. Assessed by the graph of the breath rate Red :Exogenous respiration line Blue :Endogenous respiration line (1)Indicate that the polluted water is notpoisonous to the microorganisms, and the organic pollutants isn’t biodegradable (2)Indicate that the polluted water has the disadaptive toxicity to the microorganisms, and the larger the interval between the two lines, the more poisonous of the water.

  29. Biodegradability Assessment 3. Assessed by the graph of the breath rate (3)Indicate that the polluted water is biodegradable. And the larger the interval between the two lines, the better of thebiodegradability of the organics. (4)Indicate that the polluted water ispoisonous to the microorganisms at certain degree, with culturing time going, the microorganisms can adjust to the environment quickly, and destroy the pollutants.

  30. Connection between biodegradability and chemical structure The complexity of chemical structure, the character and position influence the biodegradability.

  31. An example of degradation by microorganismsAromatics compounds • Aromatics compounds contain at least one unsaturated ring system with the general structure C6H6 , where R is any functional group. • Under aerobic conditions, the most common initial transformation is a hydroxylation that involves the incorporation of molecular oxygen . • the enzymes :monooxygenases or dioxygenases.

  32. Transferring way • In general, prokaryotic microorganisms transform aromatics by an initial dioxygenase attack to cis-dihydrodiols. • The cis-dihydrodiols is rearomatized to form a dihydroxylated intermediate, catechol. The catechol ring is cleaved by a second either between the two hydroxyl groups (ortho pathway) or next to one of the hydroxyl groups (meta pathway) and further degraded to completion.

  33. Transferring way • Under aerobic conditions(take benzene for example)

  34. Transferring way

  35. Other Compounds degradation Paths • Define: Compounds containing two or more fused benzene rings are called poly-aromatic hydrocarbons. • Containing ： naphthalin、anthracene、phenanthrene、indene…those can lead to cancer 、abnormality and mutation.

  36. Metabolizing way of PATHS is similar with that of aromatics compounds

  37. the end thankou

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