CH. 1 SEC. 1

1. CH. 1 SEC. 1 The Migration to America

2. Objectives • Explain why scientists believe the early Am. came from Asia. • Describe the early civilizations of Meso-America • Describe the early cultures of North Am.

3. Asian Migration to America • 100,000 years ago, Earth in Ice Age. • Scientists use radiocarbon dating to determine how old objects are • Land between Alaska & Russia exposed (Beringia) • People cross land bridge, followed animals. • It is believed that people started arriving between 15,000 and 30,000 years ago.

5. Early Civilizations of Meso-America • Nomadic hunter-gathers learn to farm • Called Agricultural Revolution • Occurred in Southern Mexico & Central America (Meso-America)

6. Early Civilizations of Meso-America • Main crop is maize • Allowed people to settle, for harvest • Social class & government develop

7. The Olmec & Maya • Olmec- first culture that developed (Mother culture) • Art • Religious symbolism • Hieroglyphic writing • Bar and dot numbering system • Calendar • Bloodletting ritual • Ball game

8. Olmec

11. Language and Literature

12. Extreme Sport video

13. Pokatok 3000 B.C. 1-6 players Solid rubber ball Decapitated losers

14. Mayan • Mayan- emerged later in Yucatan Penninsula

15. Mayan Calendar

16. Mayan Calendar “end of the days” “Calendar Round” tracked heavenly bodies December 23, 2012 AD

17. Tikal – metropolis of 50,000 -Astronomy Calendar Charted movements -Architecture Pyramids Stone craft -Canals and Irrigation Fortifications Classic Mayan Period 250-900 AD

18. Mayan Achievements Government Organized city-states Mathematics • Concept of zero • System based on twenty Writing • pictographic • Complex Art • Brush art in books • Red and black • Mainly sculptures • Stelas • Jade

19. Sacrifice

20. Mayan Civilizations

21. Glyphs- Glyph Codes

22. The Aztec • Aztecs invaded Mexico from north • Established Tenochtitlan • Conquered neighbors

23. Tenochtitlan ( The Island City)

25. Aztec Society Stratified • Pilli (Nobility) • Warriors – could move up • Artisans and Merchants • Macehualles (farmers) • Women – lower status Law • Harsh • Death • Sacrifice

26. The Inca • Andes Mountains – Peru • Irrigation • Pyramids • “empire builders” • Detailed hierarchy • Building projects – massive, tight stones • Road systems • Quechua– common language • Rediscovery of the “lost city” • 1911 • American archaeologist

27. North American Cultures • Hohokam- “Canal Builders” 300 BC • dug over 500 miles of canals to bring water to gardens growing corn, cotton, beans and squash

28. Anasazi- NW & AR • Used irrigation for crops • Built large pueblos • Kiva-underground ceremonial chamber • Civilization disappeared • Diet- corn,beans,squash,turkey,…

29. Kiva

30. The Mississippian Culture • Started in Mississippi River Valley • Cultivated corn & beans • Spread north and east • Mound builders (Moundville, AL)

31. Serpent Mound- Cincinnati, Ohio

32. Adena – began building their dead under massive mounds of earth in the Ohio River Valley, some date the Serpent Mound back to the Adena • Hopewell – began to settle into permanent villages around 200 B.C. • Mississippian Culture – started as early as 700 A.D. around the Mississippi Rive Valley (rich soil left by flooding)

33. Mississippian People • Last Mound Builder culture (800-1500’s AD) • farmers • Traveled the Mississippi and Ohio Rivers • stratified society • Widespread trade • Rituals/religion centered on the cycle of the sun • Three Sisters: squash, maize, beans

34. Cahokia

36. At the height of her days, Chahokia had over 40,000 people living within and around her walls • The city was built in a series of 14 stages between 900 and 1150 AD. • Located across the Mississippi River from St.Louis in Collinsville, Illinois. • Center of business, religion, politics and art. • Over 85 temple and burial mounds • In the center of the temple was an “eternalfire” that always burned

37. Moundville, Alabama • Occupied 1000 – 1450 A.D. • Political & Religious Center • Rich soil, woods, river • Abandoned by 16th century