Respiratory System

1. Respiratory System • Gas exchange

2. W O R K T O G E T H E R • Why do we breathe? Think of all the reasons why we need a respiratory system.

3. Warning: terminology! • “Respiration” is used several different ways: • Cellular respiration is the aerobic breakdown of glucose in the mitochondria to make ATP. • Respiratory systems are the organs in animals that exchange gases with the environment. • “Respiration” is an everyday term that is often used to mean “breathing.”

4. Respiratory system function • Respiratory systems allow animals to move oxygen (needed for cellular respiration) into body tissues and remove carbon dioxide (waste product of cellular respiration) from cells.

5. Gas exchange by Diffusion • Some animals simply allow gases to diffuse through their skins. • These animals have a low metabolic rate. Why? • All of these are aquatic animals. Why?

6. Specialized structures • Structures specialized for gas exchange include: • gills (aquatic animals) • spiracles (terrestrial insects) • lungs (most terrestrial vertebrates)

7. Countercurrent Exchange • In a concurrent system, exchange is inefficient. Equilibrium is reached at one end. • In a countercurrent system, equilibrium is not reached, so gas exchange continues, increasing efficiency.

8. Fish Gills • Fish increase gas exchange efficiency using countercurrent exchange. • Running blood through the system in the opposite direction to water keeps a diffusion gradient throughout the entire exchange.

9. Gills exchange gases in fish. What is the site of gas exchange in mammals? • Alveoli • Tracheids • Bronchi • Esophagus

10. W O R K T O G E T H E R • Why are gills so widely seen in aquatic animals but not in land animals? • One group of land animals that have gills is the Isopods (“pill bugs” and “sow bugs”). How can these organisms survive on land with gills?

11. Human respiratory system • Parts of the respiratory system include: • Trachea • Bronchi • Bronchioles • Alveoli

12. Moving air in and out • During inspiration (inhalation), the diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract. • During exhalation, these muscles relax. The diaphragm domes upwards.

13. Alveoli • The alveoli are moist, thin-walled pockets which are the site of gas exchange. • A slightly oily surfactant prevents the alveolar walls from collapsing and sticking together.

14. Circulation and Gas Exchange • Recall the interconnection between circulation and the respiratory system. • Gas exchange at the lungs and in the body cells moves oxygen into cells and carbon dioxide out.

15. What happens when you breathe in? • The rib muscles relax. • The diaphragm contracts. • Air leaves the alveoli. • Air moves between the chest wall and the lung.

16. W O R K T O G E T H E R • Premature infants sometimes die of lung collapse and other lung problems. What might preemies be missing? How could this be remedied?

17. In the alveolus • The respiratory surface is made up of the alveoli and capillary walls. • The walls of the capillaries and the alveoli may share the same membrane.

18. Gas exchange • Air entering the lungs contains more oxygen and less carbon dioxide than the blood that flows in the pulmonary capillaries. • How do these differences in concentrations assist gas exchange?

19. Oxygen transport • Hemoglobin binds to oxygen that diffuses into the blood stream. • What are some advantages to using hemoglobin to transport oxygen?

20. Carbon dioxide transport • Carbon dioxide can dissolve in plasma, and about 70% forms bicarbonate ions. • Some carbon dioxide can bind to hemoglobin for transport.

21. At the cells • Cells use up oxygen quickly for cellular respiration. What does this do to the diffusion gradient? How does this help cells take up oxygen? • Cells create carbon dioxide during cellular respiration, so CO2 levels in the cell are higher than in the blood coming to them. How does this help cells get rid of oxygen?

22. Diffusion of O2 from lungs to blood is rapid because: • Active transport moves oxygen. • Hemoglobin takes up oxygen, keeping plasma concentration low. • Blood plasma is oxygen-rich.

23. Most of the oxygen in blood is: • In the white cells. • Bound to hemoglobin. • Combined with carbon to make carbon dioxide. • Dissolved in the plasma.

24. Effects of smoking • Inhaled smoke contains: • CO2, which affects the CO2 diffusion gradient. • carcinogenic chemicals that can trigger tumors. • toxic nicotine, which paralyzes cilia that normally clean the lungs. Gross, isn’t it?

25. Emphysema • Besides cancer, smoking can also lead to emphysema. Alveoli become dry and brittle, and eventually rupture. • Both active and passive smoking (“second-hand” smoke) can lead to can lead to lung problems. All types of smoke, not just tobacco, can cause cancers and emphysema.

26. Cystic Fibrosis • Cystic fibrosis is one of the most common inherited disorders in the Caucasian population in the U.S. • CF is caused by mutation of a single gene, the CFTR gene, which controls salt balance in the lungs.

27. Cystic Fibrosis • A normal CFTR protein regulates the amount of chloride ions across the cell membrane of lung cells. • If the interior of the cell is too salty, water is drawn from lung mucus by osmosis, causing the mucus to become thick and sticky.

28. Cystic Fibrosis • At this point there is no cure for CF, though there are therapies that have extended the lives of CF patients, including lung transplants. • Gene therapy may one day insert “good” CFTR genes into lung cells to make them operate normally.

29. “Two lies and a truth” – which one is true? • Cigarette smoke cures colds because it kills bacteria in the lungs. • Nicotine is one of the most potent neurotoxins on earth. • “Passive” smoking is less harmful than “regular” smoking.

30. W O R K T O G E T H E R • When people quit smoking, if the lungs are not damaged they can often clean themselves because the cilia are no longer paralyzed. People with cystic fibrosis have trouble with lung infections because their lung mucus is thick and sticky. What roles do cilia and mucus play in lung health?