1 / 16

PERSONALITY & INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCE

This lecture covers the study of individual differences, including genetic and environmental influences, nomothetic and idiographic perspectives, Freud's psychoanalysis, Jung's cognitive approach, Murray's personology, Kelly's personal construct theory, psychometrics, intelligence, emotional intelligence, and organizational applications.

carrmiguel
Download Presentation

PERSONALITY & INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCE

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Lecture 4 PERSONALITY & INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCE

  2. The study of individual difference • Genetic influences • Environmental influences • Family • Culture • Experience

  3. Nomothetic perspectives • Eysenck and the study of personality types: • Extroversion • Neuroticism • Cattell and personality characteristics - 16 factors Including: • Warmth • Liveliness • Sensitivity • self-reliance • The ‘Big Five model: • Extraversion • Emotional Stability • Agreeableness • Conscientiousness • Openness to experience

  4. Idiographic perspectives • Cooley • The looking-glass self • Mead • I • Me

  5. Freud and psychoanalysis • There are three levels of mental activity: • Unconscious • Pre-conscious • Conscious • The mind consists of three areas: • Id • Ego • Superego • The main forms of ego defence mechanism: • Sublimation • Repression • Denial • Projection • Reaction formation • Regression • Isolation • Undoing

  6. Jung and the cognitive approach • Three levels of personality: • A conscious level • An unconscious level • A collective unconscious • Four different approaches to information gathering: • Sensing • Intuiting • Thinking • Feeling

  7. Murray and personology Needs Presses Internal states General traits

  8. Kelly’s personal construct theory • Predictive approach to identifying behaviour within a particular environmental context • Reflection of a process of reformulation of hypotheses in light of new information • Constructs • Personal construct system • Characteristics relating to use of network of constructs: • Personal prediction model • Difference in networks of constructs developed • Constructs have limited range of application • Construct systems are dynamic

  9. Psychometrics • Three ways in which tests can measure individual difference: • Performance versus standard • Norm-referenced measurement • Criterion-referenced measurement • There are different forms of validity and reliability: • Face validity • Predictive • Construct validity • Test/retest reliability • Alternative form reliability • Split half reliability

  10. Developing psychometric tests Step 1. Initial ideas often emerge from practical need Step 2. The development of appropriate test items is a creative process Step 3. The final forms of the test are developed and the administration arrangements designed Step 4. The standardization and ‘norming’ process Step 5. Reliability and validity analyzes applied to data

  11. Intelligence • Guildford (1967) model of intelligence • Contents • Products • Operations • Sternberg (1985) information processing-based theory • Components • Experience • Context

  12. Emotional intelligence • Dulewicz and Higgs model • The drivers • The constrainers • The enablers

  13. Organizational applications of individual difference • Recruitment and selection • Development • Occupational Personality Questionnaire (OPQ) • Assessment Centres • Marketing • Discrimination • Stress and bullying • The testing business

More Related