Infection Control

1. Infection Control

2. Bell Work • Med Term Quiz

3. Standards • 11)Demonstrate concepts and skills of asepsis, universal precautions, sanitation, disinfection, and sterilization for patient care setting in adherence to standards and guidelines from the Center for Disease Control and the Occupational Safety and Health Administration in a lab/clinical setting. • 12) Define the term normal flora and explain how its deviation can prevent or cause a disease. Outline specific preventative measures to align to acceptable standards of care in the healthcare field. • At the conclusion of class today I CAN: • Identify the disease causing pathogens and classify them correctly as a bacteria, rickettsia, virus, fungus, or protozoa • Outline the chain of infection and identify ways to break each link in the chain through infection control techniques • Summarize the five stages of illness and create a skit to illustrate each stage • REMEMBER TO LOOK FOR THE OWL! Raise your hand when you find him!

4. Microorganisms and Pathogens • A microorganism is a microscopic organism seen only by using a microscope • Not all microorganisms cause disease • Harmless microorganisms on our body are called “normal flora” • Microorganisms that cause disease are called “pathogens”

5. Pathogens • Require nutrients, moisture, warmth, and neutral pH to grow and thrive • Aerobic pathogens require oxygen to survive • Anaerobic pathogens require oxygen-free environment to survive

6. Types of Pathogens • Five main types of pathogens: • Bacteria • Rickettsia • Virus • Fungus • Protozoa

7. Bacteria • One-celled organisms • Three types: cocci—round shape, bacilli— rod shape, spirilla—spiral shape • Bacterial infections include staph infections, strep throat, Lyme disease, and gonorrhea

8. Rickettsia (parasite) • Parasitic nature—organism depends on host to survive • Spread to humans via vectors: lice, ticks, fleas • Infections include Rocky Mountain spotted fever, and typhus

9. Virus • Pathogen that grows and reproduces after infecting a host cell • More than 400 types • Smallest of all pathogens • Viral infections include common cold, hepatitis, chicken pox, and HIV

10. Fungus • Yeast, mold, and mushroom • Many present in body’s normal flora • Many do not cause disease • Fungal infections include athlete’s foot, ringworm, and yeast infections

11. Protozoa • Live mainly in soil • Spread through fecal–oral route by ingested contaminated food or water • Some spread by mosquitoes or other insects • Protozoan infections include malaria, Giardia, and trichomoniasis

12. Brain Break • Would you rather be REALLY sick for two days (window) • Or feel under the weather for two weeks (door)

13. Chain of Infection • Pathogen • Reservoir host • Means of exit • Method of transmission • Means of entry • Susceptible host

14. Pathogen • Disease-producing microorganism; bacteria, virus, fungus, protozoa, and rickettsia • Present in blood or body fluids, called “bloodborne pathogens” • Pathogens need an environment that enables them to survive, grow, and multiply • The human body is a perfect environment

15. Reservoir Host • Human, animal, or insect that is infected with disease • Other reservoirs may be water, food, and contaminated objects • Host may be symptomatic or asymptomatic • Reservoir host is contagious even though he or she may not appear ill

16. Means of Exit • Pathogen must be able to exit reservoir host • Any body opening lined with mucous membranes: eyes, nose, throat, vagina, rectum, penis • Injury or surgery • Blood, body fluids: vaginal secretions, semen, urine, feces

17. Mode of Transmission • Direct contact—person-to-person contact or skin-to-skin contact • Handshaking, kissing, and sexual contact • Indirect contact— fomites; ticks, fleas, lice, and countertops • Indirect contact includes airborne and droplet infection—sneezing, coughing, and talking

18. Means of Entry • Pathogen must find entry into new host • Any opening in the body lined with mucous membranes: nose, mouth, throat, vagina, penis, rectum • Wounds to the skin

19. Susceptible Host • Weakened immune system • Poor hygiene • Inadequate nutrition • Stress • Chronic disease • Poor environmental conditions • Elderly • Very young • Certain medications • Smoking • Alcohol abuse

20. What link in the chain am I? Infant girl Person with hepatitis Bloody nose Blood Door knob Person with AIDS Sexual intercourse Needle Used Kleenex • Yeast infection • Handshake • Open wound • Mucous membranes • Sneeze • Nose • Elderly lady • Person with flu • Mouth • Pencil • Table top • Cold virus

21. Stages of Disease • Incubation stage • Prodromal stage • Acute stage • Declining stage • Convalescent stage

22. Incubation Stage • Beginning stage of infection (latent) • Starts when person first contacts pathogen • Person may be asymptomatic • Person is contagious • First appearance of symptoms

23. Prodromal Stage • Earliest symptoms • Fever (febrile) or rash • Person may state “I just don’t feel right” • Person is contagious

24. Acute Stage • Symptoms are at their worst • Person is obviously ill • Person is contagious • During this time the patient should take medications, rest, and avoid contact with others

25. Declining Stage • Acute stage ends • Symptoms begin to decrease • Patient starts to feel better

26. Convalescent Stage • Symptoms are gone • Recovery time • Continues until patient regains homeostasis

27. Group Collaboration • In groups of 4 create a skit that will demonstrate the chain of infection and each stage of disease • You will perform your skit for the class • BE CREATIVE!

28. Defense Mechanisms • The body has natural defense mechanisms to protect itself against disease: • Mechanical • Chemical • Cellular

29. Mechanical Defenses • First line of defense against pathogens is “intact” skin • Serves as barrier to environment • Coughing and sneezing • Eyelashes and eyebrows

30. Chemical Defenses • Sebaceous glands • Stomach fluids • Tears and saliva contain lyzozyme • Interferons have antiviral activity

31. Cellular Defenses • Various cells also act to protect the body from pathogens • Inflammatory response • Cell-mediated immunity • Antibody-mediated immunity

32. Brain Break • Would you rather…. • Get a shot and feel better in two days (door) • Take medication by mouth and feel better in five days (window)

33. Immunity • Protection from infectious disease • Active or passive • Further categorized as acquired naturally or passively

34. Active Natural Immunity • Develops when body is exposed to pathogenic microorganisms • Microorganisms contain antigens (cell markers) • White blood cells develop antibodies • Antibodies protect during second exposure

35. Active Artificial Immunity • Develops when antigen is purposely introduced into body • Vaccine • Live, weakened, dead microorganism • Stimulates antibody formation without causing disease

36. Passive Natural Immunity • Develops when antibodies from mother cross placenta to fetus • Provide protection to fetus for several months • Additional antibodies are found in breastmilk

37. Passive Artificial Immunity • Develops when preformed antibodies from animal or human are then injected into an individual with known exposure • Antiserum provides temporary passive immunity • Helps in cases of exposure to rabies, botulism, venomous snake or spider bites, hepatitis, and diptheria

38. Visual

39. Non-Lingual Representation • Draw pictures depicting each type of immunity • Be creative!

40. Biohazard Spill • Protect yourself with PPE, control spill with paper towels • Cover entire spill with 10% bleach solution and let stand for 20 minutes • Clean up spill with mechanical device, do not use hands • Repeat bleach application, wait another 20 minutes

41. Disinfection • More thorough than sanitization • Kills bacteria and most microorganisms but not spores • Use different disinfectants for surfaces and equipment vs. skin surfaces • Read labels and follow manufacturer’s directions • Iodine, household bleach, and 70% alcohol

42. Medical Asepsis • Method of performing procedures and providing patient care so that pathogenic organisms are not transmitted from ill patient to anyone else • As few microorganisms present as possible • Destruction of pathogenic organisms after they leave the body • Easiest way? Follow standard precautions • Consider specimens to be contaminated

43. Surgical Asepsis • Destroying all pathogenic organisms before they enter the body • A method of performing invasive procedure so that patients are protected from pathogenic microorganisms • Use surgical aseptic technique • Normal protective barriers are punctured or disrupted • Injections, urinary catheterization, wound care, and surgical procedures