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Infection Control

Infection Control. Direct correlation between exposure to microorganisms and disease. Types of Microorganisms. Pathogens Any disease causing microorganisms Non-pathogens Normal body flora Beneficial: maintaining body processes food production Yogurt, sour cream, beer, bread.

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Infection Control

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  1. Infection Control

  2. Direct correlation between exposure to microorganisms and disease

  3. Types of Microorganisms • Pathogens • Any disease causing microorganisms • Non-pathogens • Normal body flora • Beneficial: • maintaining body processes • food production • Yogurt, sour cream, beer, bread

  4. Types of Microorganisms • Saprophytes • Live on dead matter or tissues

  5. Types of Pathogens • Fungi: • Molds and yeasts • Skin infections: • Athlete’s foot • Ringworm • Thrush

  6. Types of Pathogens • Protozoa: • Only group of microbes classified as animals • Types of Protozoa: • Trichomonas vaginalis • Malaria • African sleeping sickness

  7. Types of Pathogens • Viruses: • Obligate intracellular parasite • Cannot reproduce unless inside host cell • Receives nutrients from host cell • Not susceptible to antibiotics • Causes: • Varicella (chickenpox) • Common cold • Herpes

  8. Bacteria • Simple one celled plants that multiply rapidly • Bacilli • Rod-shaped • Have ability to form spores-a protective hard “shell” around a daughter cell • Cause: • Tuberculosis • Whooping cough • Hemorrhagic fever

  9. Shapes of Bacteria • Cocci • Round shaped • Diplococci-occur in pairs • Cause: • Gonorrhoea • Streptococci-occur in chains • Cause: • Strep throat • Staphylococci-occur in clusters • most common bacterial infection in humans • Cause of nosocomial infections • Wound infections • Toxic shock syndrome

  10. Spirals • Spirilla • Spiral or corkscrew shaped • Causes: • Syphilis • Cholera

  11. Factors Required for Microbial Growth

  12. Factors required for microbial growth • Warm environment • Body temperature • Darkness • Many killed by sunlight • Source of food • Moisture and….

  13. Factors required for microbial growth • Varying oxygen needs • Aerobic bacteria • Live and reproduce in presence of oxygen • Anaerobic bacteria • Live and reproduce without oxygen

  14. How Microorganisms Cause Disease

  15. How microbes cause disease • Toxins • poisons • Allergic reaction • Runny nose, watery eyes, sneezing • Cell invasion • Invades living cells and destroy them

  16. How Microorganisms Are Spread

  17. How Microorganisms are spread • Direct contact • Directly from one person to another • Sex, kissing, touching • Indirect contact • From inanimate object to person • Airborne • Droplets from sneezing and coughing • Droplets of blood and body fluids • Insects and pests

  18. The Chain of Infection

  19. 1st Link- The Infectious Agent Any pathogen

  20. 2nd Link- The Reservoir • Organism or environment where infectious agent resides • People • Equipment • Water/Food • Carrier Host • Shows no outward signs/symptoms of disease, but capable of transmitting disease

  21. 3rd Link- Portal of Exit • Route of escape of pathogen from reservoir • Examples: • respiratory tract • gastrointestinal tract • genitourinary tract • breaks in skin

  22. 4th Link- Route of Transmission • Method by which pathogen gets from reservoir to new host • Direct contact: • Sexual contact • Contact blood/body fluids • Indirect contact: • Objects to person • Airborne • Insects and pests

  23. 5th Link- Portal of Entry • Route which pathogen enters new host • Examples: • Respiratory tract • Gastrointestinal tract • Genitourinary tract • Mucous membranes • Breaks in skin

  24. 6th Link- Susceptible Host • Organism that is at risk for infection i.e. a weakened immune system • Examples: • AIDS pts • Pts on chemotherapy • Transplant pts • Elderly and very young • Burn pts

  25. Breaking the Chain of Infection

  26. The Infectious Agent • Pathogen ID • Prompt treatment • Immunization

  27. Reservoir Host • Wash hands • Clean uniform • Clean equipment • Clean environment

  28. Portals of Exit • Wash hands • Wear PPE • Control body secretions • Proper disposal of contaminated objects

  29. Route of Transmission • Wash hands • Wear PPE • Proper food handling • Isolation precautions

  30. Portals of Entry • Wash hands • Wear PPE • Proper disposal of needles or sharps • Skin integrity • Intact skin #1 defense against pathogens

  31. Susceptible Host • Treatment of disease • Immunization • Intact immune system

  32. Time for • Handwashing Video

  33. Hand Washing Tips • Use warm water • less damaging to skin • Liquid soap preferred • bar soap and dish are contaminated • Friction, sudsing action & alkalinity of soap • Sink is considered contaminated • Palms, backs, sides, between fingers, under and around nails, 2 in up arm • 1 ½ to 2 min

  34. When Hands Should Be Washed • Beginning and end of shift • Between patients • After removing gloves and other protective wear

  35. When Hands Should Be Washed • When visibly contaminated with blood or tissues • Before leaving the patient area • Before and after eating, applying makeup, using the bathroom, handling contact lenses, handling equipment

  36. Let’s Wash Our Hands!

  37. OSHA standards Regarding Blood-borne Pathogens

  38. Standard Precautions • Developed by the CDC • Applied to all patients regardless of diagnosis and infection status • Use when performing procedures requiring contact with: • blood • body fluids • mucous membranes • contaminated items.

  39. Aseptic Techniques • Medical asepsis or clean techniques designed to prevent spread of disease • Terms to know: • Clean: no pathogens • Contaminated: unclean; contains pathogens • Sterile: free from all pathogens including spores, virus

  40. Aseptic Techniques • Antiseptic • Bacteriostatic substances that inhibit the growth of bacteria • Can be used on the skin • Alcohol and iodine • Disinfectant • Bactericidal substances that kill bacteria and most viruses • Cannot be used on the skin • 10% bleach, chemicals, boiling

  41. Aseptic Techniques • Sterilization • Process destroys all microbes including spores • This includes steam or gas under pressure using an autoclave, radiation and chemicals

  42. Aseptic Techniques • Surgical asepsis • The use of ALL levels of aseptic techniques to prevent introduction of harmful microorganisms into the patient

  43. Aseptic Techniques • Surgical asepsis • Be aware of the sterile field • Draped in blue • Never reach across • Never turn back on

  44. Isolation • Used when patient infected with a communicable disease • Protects: HCP, other patients, visitors, community • Use PPE

  45. Types of Isolation • Airborne • Infections spread through air by small droplets containing pathogens • Ex: Tuberculosis, Varicella (chickenpox) • PPE: • surgical masks &/or HEPA-filter masks • Negative pressure room

  46. Types of Isolation • Droplet • Infections spread through air by large droplets • Ex: Pertussis, Influenza • PPE: • surgical masks w/in 3 ft of patient • Glove for environmental contact

  47. Types of Isolation • Contact • For patients who are infected or colonized by a pathogen that spreads by direct contact • Ex: antibiotic resistant bacteria, RSV, Hepatitis A • PPE: • gloves, gown when entering; remove before leaving

  48. Types of Isolation • Reverse • Protects patients from pathogens healthcare provider or visitors may have • Used when patient immune system is suppressed • AIDS pts • Chemotherapy pts • Burn pts • Transplant pts

  49. The End

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