TURNING POINTS IN EUROPEAN HISTORY

1. TURNING POINTS IN EUROPEAN HISTORY • The French Revolution and Napoleon • The National Unification of Italy and Germany • The First World War and Russian Revolution • The Nazi Seizure of Power • The Second World War and Holocaust • The Collapse of Communism in Eastern Europe

2. LIBERAL ARCHITECTS OF “WELFARE CAPITALISM” Sir William Beveridge declared war on poverty in 1942 John Maynard Keynes (1883-1946) championed full employment Ludwig Erhard promised Germans a “social market economy”

3. AVERAGE ANNUAL GROWTH OF GDP * Refers solely to West Germany.

4. SPENDING ON SOCIAL WELFARE AS A PERCENTAGE OF GDP (including old-age pensions, jobless benefits, public health services, and assistance to the needy)

5. “Go with the times. Go with the SPD”(Balloting at the Godesberg Party Congress, 1959)

6. Mayor Willy Brandt at a press conference in West Berlin, August 1961

7. The Transformation of the SPD(hair cream ad, 1963)

8. Voting returns for the CDU and SPD in West German Elections (percentage of national vote)

9. Chancellor Willy Brandt honors the dead of the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising of 1943, 7 December 1970

10. In May 1968 student radicals in Paris forged a genuine alliance with trade unionists

11. West Berlin students display their dedication to Marxism-Leninism & Free Love(September 1968)

12. “Transform your hatred into energy!”(Che Guevara poster, 1970)

13. Francois Mitterand returned the Socialist Party to a leading role in French politics as President from 1981 to 1995

14. Mitterand commemorates the Battle of Verdun with Chancellor Helmut Kohl in 1984

15. “The New Middle:”Gerhard Schröder (SPD) celebrates victory, September 1998 Born 1944, the son of a poor farmworker. Worked his way through university. 1978: Elected chair of Young Socialists 1990-98: Forged Red-Green coalition as P.M. of Lower Saxony

16. Schröder appointed Volkswagen Personnel Director Peter Hartz in 2002 to develop plans to reform the labor market Hartz I & II (2003) created agencies to facilitate temporary and part-time jobs and help those on welfare find a job. Hartz IV (2004) created pressure on the unemployed by merging the welfare and unemployment insurance systems, with lower benefits. Since then Germany has had the lowest unemployment rate in the EU, but left-wing Social Democrats left the party in protest against Hartz IV.

17. HARTZ IV= “Poverty Decreed by Law” (PDS, 2004) HARTZ IV= “Hunger wages and compulsory labor! We’ve had enough!”

18. The unpretentious Ossi, Angela Merkel, rose to lead the CDU after its financial scandal (here in 2003)

19. WOMEN’S AVERAGE HOURLY EARNINGS ASA PERCENTAGE OF MEN’S Source: J. Robert Wegs, Europe since 1945 (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1991), p. 174.

20. Simone de Beauvoir and Jean-Paul Sartre (ca. 1948):She urged all young women to postpone marriage and pursue a career

21. Published in French 1949,in German 1951,in English (abridged) 1952,in English unabridged 2009 Published in 1959 “Women must be liberated from children!”

22. “We’ve had abortions!”Stern, 6 June 1971

23. “Prejudice: Women belong at home. Replace prejudice with partnership”(1975)

24. “Give the Left the Red Card”(the CDU appeals to the “New Woman” of 1976)

25. PERCENTAGE OF WOMEN IN THE BUNDESTAG DELEGATIONS SOURCE: http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frauenanteil_im_ Deutschen_Bundestag_seit_1949

26. THE PROPORTION OF WOMEN AT THE TOP RANKS OF BUSINESS IN 2011(Norway launched a bold experiment with a law in 2006 requiring that 40% of board seats in large corporations be held by women)

27. HOW HAVE THE HISTORIC POLITICAL IDEOLOGIES OF EUROPE EVOLVED SINCE THE 18th CENTURY?Which of them has exerted the most influence on European institutions today?