List the four biomolecules we studied. State the function (job) of each bio-

1. List the four biomolecules we studied. • State the function (job) of each bio- molecule. 3. Draw and label an enzyme, substrate, & active site

2. Are All Cells Alike? All living things are made up of cells. Some organisms are composed of only one cell. Other organisms are made up of many cells. 1. What are the advantages of a one-celled organism? 2. What are the advantages of an organism that is made up of many cells?

3. Cell Theory • 1. All living things are made of cells. • 2. New cells are produced from existing cells • 3. Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in living things.

4. Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes • Prokaryotes (bacteria) have no nucleus and very few organelles. DNA is not contained • Eukaryotes (protists, fungi, plants and animals) larger,more complex,DNA is inside the nucleus

5. Prokaryotes Eukaryotes Nucleus Endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus Lysosomes Vacuoles Mitochondria Cytoskeleton DNA is free floating No membrane bound organelles Cell membrane Contain DNA

6. Compare/contrast prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells. Include what they have in common as well as the big differences. Pro no Eu do Quiz

7. What does Pro no mean? • What does Eu do mean? • What do both eukaryotes and prokaryotes have? Pro no Eu do Quiz

8. Plant Cells Vs. Animal Cells • Some structures are specific to either plant cells or animal cells only: • Only plant cells contain: • Cell wall • Chloroplasts • Large central vacuoles • Only animal cells contain: • Centrioles

9. Plant Cells Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Vacuole Ribosome (free) Chloroplast Ribosome (attached) Cell Membrane Nuclear envelope Cell wall Nucleolus Golgi apparatus Nucleus Mitochondrion Rough endoplasmic reticulum

10. Animal Cells Ribosome (attached) Ribosome (free) Nucleolus Nucleus Cell Membrane Nuclear envelope Mitochondrion Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Rough endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus Centrioles http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yKW4F0Nu-UY&feature=related

11. NUCLEAR ENVELOPE-REGULATES WHAT ENTERS AND LEAVES NUCLEUS • B. NUCLEOLUS – PRODUCES RIBOSOMES • C. CHROMOSOMES - CONTAIN GENETIC MATERIAL (DNA)

13. Organelle Quiz I • Which organelle separates the inside • of the cell from the surrounding • environment? • Which organelle is the energy bank • for the cell?

14. Mitochondria vs. Chloroplasts • Mitochondria make energy from chemicals (food molecules) • Chloroplasts use energy from light through photosynthesis

15. ATP - Life’s Energy Currency Energy is released when ATP is hydrolyzed (broken down) to ADP. ATP is restored from ADP and an input of energy. ATP’s energy is used to drive endergonic (energy-requiring) reactions.

16. …Remember “ATP”? • ATP stores energy for cell activities like active transport & movement within the cell

17. Cell Membrane • Regulates what enters and leaves the cell and provides support and protection • Structure – lipid bilayer with embedded proteins

18. Cell Wall • Provides support and protection for plant cell walls • Made of porous cellulose so it does not regulate what enters and leaves

19. Smooth ER vs. Rough ER • Rough ER - ribosomes on the ER make proteins, the ER modifies the proteins • Smooth ER - makes lipids • Ribosomes assemble proteins

21. Cytoskeleton • Network of protein filaments • Maintains shape • Involved in cell movement

22. Cell Wall Chloroplasts Animal Cells Plant Cells Cell membrane Ribosomes Nucleus Endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus Lysosomes Vacuoles Mitochondria Cytoskeleton Centrioles

23. Phospholipids Form Biological Membranes

24. Fluid-Mosaic Plasma Membrane

26. Cholesterol is wedged between phospholipid molecules in the plasma membrane of animals cells. • At warm temperatures, it restricts the movement of phospholipids and reduces fluidity. • At cool temperatures, it maintains fluidity by preventing tight packing.

27. Diffusion through Cell Boundaries • Particles move from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration • No energy is required

28. For example, if we start with a permeable membrane separating a solution with dye molecules from pure water, dye molecules will cross the barrier randomly. • The dye will cross the membrane until both solutions have equal concentrations of the dye. • At this dynamic equilibrium as many molecules pass one way as cross the other direction.

29. Osmosis • Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane

30. Osmosis is the passive transport of water • Differences in the relative concentration of dissolved materials in two solutions can lead to the movement of ions from one to the other. • The solution with the higher concentration of solutes is hypertonic. • The solution with the lower concentration of solutes is hypotonic. • Solutions with equal solute concentrations are isotonic

31. In the absence of other forces, a substance will diffuse from where it is more concentrated to where it is less concentrated, down its concentration gradient. • Each substance diffuses down its own concentration gradient, independent of the concentration gradients of other substances.

32. The solute is more concentrated on the right side. Which side is hypertonic? How will dynamicequilibrium be reached?

33. Isotonic"ISO" means the same • Concentration of solutes (salts) is the same inside and outside of cell. • Water flows in and out in equal amounts • No effect on cell

34. Hypotonic "HYPO" means less • Concentration of solutes is less outside the cell than in. • Water flows in • The cell swell with water and becomes “turgid”

35. Hypertonic“Hyper” means more • Concentration of solutes is greater outside the cell than inside • Water flows out of cell • The cell shrivels and may die. • This is why it is dangerous to drink sea water • This is also why "salting fields" was a common tactic during war, it would kill the crops in the field, thus causing food shortages.

36. For example, Paramecium, a protist, is hypertonic when compared to the pond water in which it lives. • In spite of a cell membrane that is less permeable to water than other cells, water still continually enters the Paramecium cell. • To solve this problem, Paramecium have a specialized organelle, the contractile vacuole, that functions as a bilge pump to force water out of the cell.

37. As a plant cell looses water, its volume shrinks. • Eventually, the plasma membrane pulls away from the wall. • This plasmolysis is usually lethal.

38. Facilitated Diffusion • Many polar molecules and ions that are normally impeded by the lipid bilayer of the membrane diffuse passively with the help of transport proteins that span the membrane. • The passive movement of molecules down its concentration gradient via a transport protein is called facilitated diffusion.

39. Transport proteins allow facilitated diffusion

41. Active transport is the pumping of solutes against their gradients • Some proteins can move solutes against their concentration gradient, from the side where they are less concentrated to the side where they are more concentrated. • This active transport requires the cell to expend its own metabolic energy.

44. Endocytosis • Cell takes material into cell by infolding of the cell membrane • Phagocytosis – eating – cell engulfs large particles • Pinocytosis – drinking – cell takes in liquid • www.endocyte.com/ animation/animation.htm

45. Cell Differentiation– THE PROCESS BY WHICH CELLS CHANGE Cell Specialization – TO BECOME WELL SUITED TO PERFORM DIFFERENT FUNCTIONS.

46. Levels of Biological Organization • Organism • Organ system • Organ • Tissue • Cell • Organelle • DNA • Atoms