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Earth's Changing Atmosphere: Supporting Life and Energy Supply

Explore how Earth's atmosphere supports life and how the Sun supplies energy to the atmosphere. Learn about the cycles of gases, such as the water cycle, carbon cycle, and nitrogen cycle. Discover how sudden events can affect the balance of the atmosphere. Understand the transfer of energy through radiation, conduction, and convection. Dive into the layers of the atmosphere and how density and temperature change with altitude. Study how gases in the atmosphere absorb and give off radiation.

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Earth's Changing Atmosphere: Supporting Life and Energy Supply

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  1. theBIGidea CHAPTER OUTLINE CHAPTER RESOURCES CHAPTER NEW CHAPTER Earth’s Changing Atmosphere Earth’s atmosphere is a blanket of gases that supports and protects life. 15.1 Earth’s atmosphere supports life. 15.2 The Sun supplies the atmosphere’s energy. 15.3 Gases in the atmosphere absorb radiation. 15.4 Human activities affect the atmosphere.

  2. 15.1 Earth’s atmosphere supports life. Air pressure as you move in the atmosphere. Just as air pressure with altitude, so does the density of air. atmosphere altitude density cycle CHAPTER RESOURCES SECTION OUTLINE

  3. Gases of Earth's Atmosphere 15.1 Earth’s atmosphere supports life. The atmosphere is a thin layer surrounding Earth. Gases in the atmosphere provide substances essential for living things. atmosphere altitude density cycle CHAPTER RESOURCES SECTION OUTLINE

  4. 15.1 Earth’s atmosphere supports life. Three of the most important cycles that affect the atmosphere are the water cycle, the carbon cycle, and the nitrogen cycle. The Water Cycle Different forms of water (H2O) cycle between Earth's surface and the atmosphere. For example, • Liquid water from oceans and lakes evaporates into gas and enters the atmosphere (plants can also release water vapor from their leaves called transpiration). • Water vapor condenses on small particles in the atmosphere until they become too heavy. • Precipitation atmosphere altitude density cycle CHAPTER RESOURCES SECTION OUTLINE

  5. 15.1 Earth’s atmosphere supports life. The Carbon Cycle Carbon dioxide (CO2) and oxygen (O2) gases constantly circulate, or cycle, among plants, animals, and the atmosphere. For example, • Animals inhale air, use some of its oxygen, and exhale air that has less oxygen but more carbon dioxide and water • Plants take in carbon dioxide and release oxygen as they make food in the process of photosynthesis Another photo of the carbon cycle. atmosphere altitude density cycle CHAPTER RESOURCES SECTION OUTLINE

  6. 15.1 Earth’s atmosphere supports life. The Nitrogen Cycle Different forms of nitrogen cycle among the atmosphere, the soil, and living organisms. For example, • Tiny organisms remove nitrogen gas (N2) from the air and transform it into other chemicals, which then enter the soil • Plants and animals use solids and liquids that contain nitrogen, which returns to the soil when the organisms die and decay • The soil slowly releases nitrogen back into the air as nitrogen gas atmosphere altitude density cycle CHAPTER RESOURCES SECTION OUTLINE

  7. 15.1 Earth’s atmosphere supports life. When sudden events occur, it takes time before the atmosphere is able to restore balance. • Volcanic Eruptions Volcanoes -shoot gases and huge amounts of ash up -gases can produce a haze that may affect the air for many months and lower temperatures worldwide. atmosphere altitude density cycle • Forest Fires - the carbon from trees combines with oxygen making carbon dioxide - wood ash also enters the atmosphere. CHAPTER RESOURCES SECTION OUTLINE

  8. 15.1 Earth’s atmosphere supports life. • DustStorms -Wind, water, or drought can loosen soil. -Powerful windstorms may then raise clouds of this eroded soil adding huge amounts of particles to the air for a time. atmosphere altitude density cycle CHAPTER RESOURCES SECTION OUTLINE

  9. 15.2 The Sun supplies the atmosphere’s energy. The Sun supplies the atmosphere's energy. radiation 70% = 50% absorbed by the Earth’s surface + 20% absorbed by clouds and the atmosphere conduction convection CHAPTER RESOURCES SECTION OUTLINE

  10. Transfer of Energy Radiation, conduction, and convection move energy from place to place. 15.2 The Sun supplies the atmosphere’s energy. Energy from the Sun moves through Earth's atmosphere in three ways.visualizationexample radiation conduction convection CHAPTER RESOURCES SECTION OUTLINE

  11. 15.2 radiation conduction convection CHAPTER RESOURCES SECTION OUTLINE

  12. 15.2 The Sun supplies the atmosphere’s energy. Density and temperature change with altitude. The layers, from top to bottom, are radiation conduction • thermosphere: The last layer before outer space. temperature increases as you rise. convection • mesosphere: air is thin (less than 0.1%) most meteors burn up here temperature decreases as you rise You can use the word parts to help you recall the temperature layers. tropo–"turning" strato–"spreading out" meso–"middle" thermo–"heat" • stratosphere: clear, dry layer ozone temperature increases as you rise • troposphere a: contains about 80% of the total mass of the atmosphere almost all of the water vapor temperature decreases as you rise Vocab flip cards: http://www.classzone.com/books/ml_science_share/con_review_06/launchCR_06.htm CHAPTER RESOURCES SECTION OUTLINE

  13. 15.3 Gases in the atmosphere absorb radiation. Gases can absorb and give off radiation. ultraviolet radiation infrared radiation -The atmosphere can affect light in four ways. 1. It can absorb light 2. reflect it 3. let it pass through 4. Air can also emit, or give off, light ozone greenhouse effect greenhouse gas Although air does not emit much visible light, certain gases absorb and emit radiation that is similar to visible light. CHAPTER RESOURCES SECTION OUTLINE

  14. 15.3 Gases in the atmosphere absorb radiation. The ozone layer protects life from harmful radiation when the ozone molecules in the stratosphere absorb harmful ultraviolet radiation. ultraviolet radiation infrared radiation ozone greenhouse effect greenhouse gas CHAPTER RESOURCES SECTION OUTLINE

  15. 15.3 Gases in the atmosphere absorb radiation. Greenhouse gases in the troposphere keep Earth warm by absorbing and emitting infrared radiation. ultraviolet radiation infrared radiation ozone greenhouse effect greenhouse gas CHAPTER RESOURCES SECTION OUTLINE

  16. VISUALIZATION CLASSZONE.COM See how the greenhouse effect works. 15.3 Gases in the atmosphere absorb radiation. ultraviolet radiation infrared radiation ozone greenhouse effect greenhouse gas CHAPTER RESOURCES SECTION OUTLINE

  17. Natural Sources • dust, pollen, soil, salt • volcanoes and forest fires: gases and particles Human Activities • fossil fuels: gases and particles • unburned fuels: smog • manufacturing: gases and particles • tractors/construction equipment: dust and soil • farming: fertilizers and pesticides 15.4 Human activities affect the atmosphere. Human activities have added different types of pollution and ozone-destroying chemicals to the atmosphere. air pollution particulate fossil fuel smog CHAPTER RESOURCES SECTION OUTLINE

  18. 15.4 Human activities affect the atmosphere. Human activities put chlorine and other ozone-destroying chemicals in the stratosphere that break down our ozone. air pollution particulate fossil fuel smog CHAPTER RESOURCES SECTION OUTLINE

  19. 15.4 Human activities affect the atmosphere. The amounts of greenhouse gases have been increasing and global temperatures are rising. air pollution particulate fossil fuel smog CHAPTER RESOURCES SECTION OUTLINE

  20. 15.4 Human activities affect the atmosphere. What is global warming? Do you believe it is happening? How can we make a difference? air pollution particulate fossil fuel smog CHAPTER RESOURCES SECTION OUTLINE

  21. 15.1 Earth’s atmosphere supports life. I. Earth’s atmosphere supports life. atmosphere • A. The atmosphere makes life on Earth possible. altitude • 1. Characteristics of the Atmosphere density • 2. Materials in the Atmosphere cycle • B. Natural processes modify the atmosphere. • 1. Ongoing Processes • 2. Sudden Changes CHAPTER RESOURCES KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY

  22. 15.2 The Sun supplies the atmosphere’s energy. II. The Sun supplies the atmosphere’s energy. radiation • A. Energy from the Sun heats the atmosphere. conduction • B. The atmosphere moves energy. convection • C. The atmosphere has temperature layers. CHAPTER RESOURCES KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY

  23. 15.3 Gases in the atmosphere absorb radiation. III. Gases in the atmosphere absorb radiation. ultraviolet radiation • A. Gases can absorb and give off radiation. infrared radiation • B. The ozone layer protects life from harmful radiation. ozone greenhouse effect • C. The greenhouse effect keeps Earth warm. greenhouse gas CHAPTER RESOURCES KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY

  24. 15.4 Human activities affect the atmosphere. IV. Human activities affect the atmosphere. air pollution • A. Human activity can cause air pollution. particulate • 1. Types of Pollution fossil fuel • 2. Effects of Pollution smog • 3. Controlling Pollution • B. Human activities are increasing greenhouse • gases. • 1. Sources of Greenhouse Gases • 2. Global Warming • 3. Reducing Greenhouse Gases CHAPTER RESOURCES • C. Human activities produce chemicals that destroy the ozone layer. KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY

  25. CLASSZONE.COM CHAPTER HOME Image Gallery Click here to review chapter images and animations Review Game Play a fun interactive review game Animations Link to all the McDougal Littell Science animations Chapter Resources Click on the items below to access resources on Resource Centers Get more information on select science topics Audio Readings Hear chapter audio readings Content Review Review key concepts and vocabulary Standardized Test Practice Practice state standardized tests Math Tutorial Review math concepts BACK TO CHAPTER

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