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GO131: International Relations Professor Walter Hatch Colby College World War II. The Promise of Collective Security.
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GO131: International Relations Professor Walter Hatch Colby College World War II
The Promise of Collective Security A general association of nations must be formed under specific covenants for the purpose of affording mutual guarantees of political independence and territorial integrity to great and small states alike. Woodrow Wilson The Fourteen Points, 8 January, 1918
World War Two: Basic Facts • Up to 50 million killed • Two wars • Europe • The Pacific • “Total War” (industry, military, media) • State-sponsored terrorism • Led to new, American-dominated order
Treaty of Versailles (1919) Lloyd George, Orlando, Clemenceau, Wilson
Germany’s War Bill • $33 billion in reparations • Lost its overseas colonies • Lost territory to Poland • Lost its air force • Lost all but 100,000 of its army troops
Background • Wilson’s liberal vision • Replace “balance of power” politics with “Collective Security” • Basic Principles re: aggression • Outlaw it • Deter it by forming a coalition of non-aggressive states • Punish it collectively
The League of Nations • Was not a “world government” • Relied on voluntary compliance with “international law” • Operated without the participation of its creator
League Successes • Brokered agreement between Greece and Bulgaria, avoiding war • Supervised peace and disarmament negotiations • 1921 Washington Treaty Conference • 1928 Kellogg-Briand Pact
League Failures • France continues to balance against Germany • Alliances with reconfigured states of Poland and Romania • Alliances with new states of Yugoslavia and Czechoslovakia • Germany claims a “soft” border on its east • Japan insists on its claim in Manchuria • Italy invades Ethiopia
The 1930s • Global Depression • Rise of militarism in Japan • Rise of fascism in Europe • Mussolini already in power in 1922 • Hitler followed in 1933
Building to War in Europe • 1920s: hyperinflation under Weimar Republic • 1930s: economic crisis deepens • 1933: Adolph Hitler and his National Socialist Party win election
Sequence of Events • October 1933: Germany leaves League of Nations • March 1935: Hitler renounces Treaty of Versailles, announces military build-up • March 1938: Germany invades Austria • September 1938: Hitler and Chamberlain agree to partition of Czechoslovakia • March 1939: Germany rolls across the rest of Czechoslovakia
“The Campaign of Lies” “The democracies have called on their most loyal troops to encircle Germany.” (Simplicissimus, 9 April 1939)
Sequence of Events (cont.) • August 1939: Hitler signs non-aggression pact with Stalin • September 1939: Germany invades Poland • April 1940: Germany invades Norway • May 1940: Hitlers launches blitzkrieg into Holland, Belgium, France. • July 1940: German bombers turned away by RAF aviators in “Battle of Britain” • September 1940: Germany, Italy and Japan ally as “Axis Powers” • June 1941: Germany invades its “ally,” the Soviet Union
Building to War in the Pacific • 1920s: Chafing under new rules of international system • 1930s: Economic crisis deepens • 1932: “Government by assassination” (and by the military) begins in Tokyo
Sequence of Events • 1931: Japan establishes puppet state of “Manchukuo” in northeast China • 1933: Japan leaves League of Nations in protest over Lytton Committee report • 1937: Japan declares all-out war on China • 1940: U.S. imposes embargo on oil and steel exports to Japan • 1940: Japan seized French colonies in Indochina • 1941: Japan attacks Pearl Harbor, bringing U.S. into war • 1942: Japan grabs Singapore, Malaysian Peninsula, Philippines, Indonesia
Realism • Collective Security doesn’t work • Power vacuum • U.S. remained isolationist • Soviet Union was isolationist • U.K. used appeasement
Liberalism • Fascism, militarism and land • Class divisions in Europe • French conservatives: “Better Hitler than Blum” • British Tories and negotiations with Soviet Union • Economic collapse
Constructivism • Perverse Nationalism • Constructing “The Other” as subhuman • And then killing it