Rome: A Great City Is Founded

1. Rome: A Great City Is Founded The Etruscans The First Romans The Punic Wars

2. The Etruscans • Etruscans ruled around 900-500 B.C. • Like the Greeks they lived in independent fortified cities but shared the same language and religion • Etruscans were influenced by Greek religion, art and mythology • Writing was based on the Greek alphabet • Involved in extensive sea trade like Minoans

3. The Etruscans • Were polytheistic • Gods controlled their destinies and explained phenomena • Believed in prophecies and predestination • Elaborate funeral festivities and buried dead in elaborate tombs • Sacrificial deaths used at funeral processions

5. The Etruscans • Unlike Greeks the Etruscans focused more on enjoying life • Used murals to decorate tombs and homes • Murals depicted dancing, games and entertainment • Pottery was influenced by Greeks but moved towards creating own bronze utensils

6. The First Romans • Who were the Romans? • They adopted and improved on cultures ideas that they conquered (cultural pragmatism) • They introduced architecture, a legal system, government, military organization and concepts of life. • But they also introduced slavery, class inequality, civil violence, moral decadence and political corruption

7. The First Romans: • Legend says that Romans established a village near the Tiber River on one of seven hills overlooking Tiber River • Founded by brothers Romulus and Remus who legends says were raised by a she-wolf • Romulus kills own brother and eventually becomes first Roman monarch (753-715 B.C. ?) • Rome becomes a republic were power rest in the citizens who vote for their office holders

8. The First Romans: Patricians and Plebeians • Defined social roles and controlled social order • Patricians (4%) were the privileged citizens of Romans • Aristocratic class (large land holders) • Only they could be consuls, magistrates and Senators • Claimed position by birthright • Could hold political offices • Plebeians (96%)were citizens who could vote but no hold office • Were artisans, merchants and small farmers • Less that wealthy land owners • Non-patrician large landowners • Could not marry a Plebeian • Both could do the following though • Vote • Make contracts and serve in the military

9. The First Romans: Patricians and Plebeians • In response to Patricians rule Plebeians created a government assembly called The Council of Plebs in 471 B.C. • A new position called the Tribune, whose duty was to protect the rights of Plebeians was introduced • The Council passed laws that allowed intermarriage and protected the interests of Plebeians

10. The First Romans: Patricians and Plebeians • Another gain by Plebeians was the Twelve Tables 451 B.C. • The Twelve Tables were a written legal code that addressed an individual’s private rights (civil and criminal issues) • The Twelve Tables addressed issues such as property rights, marriage, inheritance, crime, civil procedure and personal debts • Introduced trial by jury for all

11. Table IV. A deformed child shall be quickly killed To a father ...shall be given over a son the power of life and death. A child born within ten months of the father's death shall enter into the inheritance Table X. A dead person shall not be buried or burned in the city. Expenses of a funeral shall be limited to three mourners wearing veils and one mourner wearing an inexpensive purple tunic and ten flutists The Twelve Tables

12. The 1st Punic War 264-241 B.C. • The Wars resulted over Roman interfere in Carthage held by Sicily and over trade in the Mediterranean Sea • Roman had sent an army to excrete it’s influence in the region • Carthage had actually started out as a Phoenician colony

13. The 1st Punic War 264-241 B.C. • The 1st Punic War 264-241 B.C. was primarily one fought in the seas (naval warfare) • Carthage had the upper hand because of naval experience learned from sea trade • Romans adopted warfare on sea to that of land warfare on ships • Romans used hooks and ladders to board Carthaginian ships and fight like on land • Carthaginians are no match for Romans in hand to hand combat • Roman wins but the question over the Mediterranean Sea is still not addressed

14. The 1st Punic War

15. The 2nd Punic War 218-201 B.C. • 2nd Punic War begins when Rome seeks to influence Spain against Carthage • Hannibal Barca, Carthaginian general invades Rome by crossing the Alps • He crosses the Alps with 30,000 men, 6,000 cavalry and 12 war elephants

16. Enter Hannibal

17. The 2nd Punic War 218-201 B.C. • Hannibal’s army defeats every legion sent to stop them and sets about destroying Rome’s economy • Hannibal destroys an entire Roman legion, 30,000 men at the Battle of Cannae (216 B.C.) • Rome attacks Carthage to lure Hannibal to fight them • At Zama (201 B.C.) Hannibal is defeated by Scipio Africanus • Spain now belongs to Rome and Carthage must ask Rome’s permission to go to war

18. 2nd Punic War

20. Battle of Cannae

21. Battle Of Zama

22. The 3rd Punic War 150-146 B.C. • Seeking to eliminate Carthage once and for all • Senators like Cato the Elder (234-149 B.C.) produce speeches that “Carthage must be destroyed” • 146 B.C. Carthage is destroyed and Hannibal is forced to commit suicide • Rome now lays claims to Africa and gains over 200,000 slaves from the Punic Wars • War is now seen as a way to make a fortune for the connected and allows generals to move into politics