The Animal Kingdom

1. The Animal Kingdom Nancy G. Morris Volunteer State Community College

2. General Characteristics:(Outcome #1) • Exhibit multicellular construction • Composed of eukaryotic cells • Nutrition is by ingestion • Animals differ from plants • Contain centrioles & asters • Lack chlorophyll, plastids, cell walls • Exhibit both embryonic and larval stages • Exclusively heterotrophic

3. General Characteristics: • Complex organisms have up to 10 systems • Skeletal • Muscular* • Endocrine * Unique to animals • Nervous* • Circulatory • Lymphatic • Integumentary • Reproductive • Excretory • Respiratory • Digestive

4. General Characteristics: • Adult form may be viewed as a complex tube within a tube • Reflected by the presence of 3 primary germ layers: • Ectoderm – integument & nervous • Mesoderm– all other systems • Endoderm – digestive

5. General Characteristics: • Reflected by the presence of 3 primary germ layers: • Ectoderm – integument & nervous • Mesoderm – all other systems • Endoderm – digestive Triploblastic – possess all 3 germ layers Diploblastic – possess only 2 germ layers

6. General Characteristics: • Exhibit the Diplontic Life Cycle (sexual reproduction) • Adult 2N • Gamete 1N • Zygote 2N Adult 2N meiosis egg 1N sperm 1N mitosis Zygote 2N

7.  Broad Classification

8. Animal Classification includes (Outcome #2) • Broad Classification • in addition to the seven taxa employed in the other kingdoms • between kingdom and phylum • based on these characteristics:

9. Broad Classification • 1) Level of Organization • 2) Type of Body Symmetry • 3) Type of Body Cavity • 4) Embryonic Development

10. Level of Organization • IF the cell develops from a single cell to the tissue level only, it belongs to • Subkingdom Parazoa (beside the animals) • Phylum Porifera - sponges (to bear pores)

11. Level of Organization • All others develop to an organ or organ system level: • Subkingdom Eumetazoa (true later animal)

12. Type of Body Symmetry 1.Only sponges lack symmetry (asymmetrical) 2. Organisms whose body parts are organized around a central axis and radiate from the central core like the spokes of a wheel exhibit radial symmetry. (Think of an orange.) 3. Organisms whose body parts are arranged along a longitudinal axis where right and left half are mirror images of each other exhibit bilaterial symmetry. (Think of a butterfly.)

13. Type of Body Symmetry Radially symmetrical organisms belong to • Grade Radiata

14. Type of Body Symmetry Bilaterallysymmetrical organisms belong to • Grade Bilaterata

15. Type of Body Symmetry • Grade Radiata • larva, ancestors, AND adults are radially symmetrical • Phylum Cnidaria - jellyfish

16. Another typical Cnidarian: Hydra

17. Cnidarian forms

18. Type of Body Symmetry • Grade Bilaterata • larva, ancestors, OR adults are bilaterally symmetrical All others belong to the

19. Type of Body Cavity (coelom) • Subgrade Acoelomata • Phylum Platyhelminthes -the flatworms • NO body cavity • Solid layer of mesoderm ectoderm solid mesoderm endoderm gut

20. Type of Body Cavity (coelom) • Subgrade Pseudocoelomata • Phylum Nematoda -the roundworms • False cavity (false coelom) • Pseudocoel only partially lined w/ mesoderm Endoderm Ectoderm w/ mesoderm lining Pseudocoel Gut

21. Type of Body Cavity (coelom) • Subgrade Coelomata • Phyla Annelida  Chordata • True body cavity • Coelom completely lined with mesoderm ectoderm Coelom (completely lined with mesoderm) endoderm gut

22. Body plans of bilaterata

23. Embryonic Development/ formation of the archenteron

24. Type of Embryonic Development • If the first opening into the blastocoel is the mouth, the organism is aProtostome.

25. Type of Embryonic Development • If the second opening into the blastocoel formed is the mouth, the organism is aDeutrostome.

26. A family tree

27. Practice: A Map to the Animal Kingdom 1 2 3 4