Organic Chemistry

1. Organic Chemistry

2. Carbon • Inorganic compound- does not contain C and H • Organic compound- contains C and H • All living things contain the element C

3. 4 types of Organic Compounds • Carbohydrates • Lipids • Proteins • Nucleic Acids

4. Carbohydrates- Known as Sugars • Lipids-Known as fats and Oils • Proteins- Known as Polypeptides • Nucleic Acids -DNA and RNA

5. Carbohydrates • Composed of the elements C, H, O with a ratio of 2 Hydrogen's to every 1 oxygen • Building blocks are simple sugars called monosaccharide

6. Carbohydrates are used for energy ex. Glucose in plants Ex. Structure: cellulose found in cell walls of plants

7. Monosaccharides- one sugar Ex- glucose, fructose, dextrose, and galactose Glucose- plants produce during photosynthesis Fructose- found in fruit Galactose- found in milk

8. Glucose and fructose are isomers- they have the same formula but a different arrangement of elements

9. Disaccharides- 2 sugars (2 simple sugars joined by saccharide bonds) Ex- sucrose (table sugar) lactose (milk sugar) and maltose (malt beverage)

10. Polysaccharides- many sugars attached by many bonds Ex- starch – stores glucose in roots of plants (potatoes) important food source for humans (storage for carbohydrates) glycogen- stores glucose in liver cells in humans (storage carbohydrates)

11. Cellulose- found in plant cell walls to make rigid ( wood and cotton fibers) • Chitin – found in the exoskeleton of arthropods (insects) (structural carbohydrate)

12. Lipids • Composed of elements C, H, and O, but contains FEWER O’s than carbohydrates • Building blocks are glycerol and fatty acids • Lipids are used for cushion, structure, insulation, and energy storage

13. Types of Lipids • Fatty acids: made of glycerol and 3 fatty acids • Saturated fatty acids- contains the max amount of hydrogen's. They are solids at room temperature • Example is animal fat

14. Unsaturated fatty acids_ does NOT contain the max amount of hydrogens so double bonds are present They are liquids at room temperature • Example: vegetable oil

15. Phospholipids • Make up cell membranes. They are like fatty acids but contain a phosphorus

16. Sterols • Contain a 4 ringed backbone • Examples: cholesterol and Steroids / hormones estrogen and testosterone

17. Proteins • Composed of the elements C, H, O, and N (Sulfur is found in 2 amino acids) • Building blocks are amino acids (20 types)- contain a carboxyl group---H atoms, a central C atom, and a variable group

18. Held together by peptide bonds- 2 amino acids bound=polypeptide

19. Proteins are used for immunity, structural proteins (muscles), hormones, and catalysts (enzymes) • Examples of proteins are antibodies, muscles, enzymes, hair

20. Nucleic Acids • Composed of the elements C, H, O, N, and P; made up of nucleotides

21. Building blocks are nucleotides which are made up of a simple sugar (deoxyribose for DNA and ribose for RNA), a phosphate group and a Nitrogen base (adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine for DNA

22. And adenine, cytosine, guanine, and uracil for RNA

23. Nucleic Acids are used for controlling cellular activities and making proteins (GENES) • Examples of nucleic acids are DNA and RNA

24. Enzymes • Made of proteins • Acts as a catalyst- speeds up rate of chemical reactions • Can catobolize- break down or anabolize-build up molecules • Enzymes are not broken down, they are recycled

25. Substrate- a molecule that attaches to an enzyme to be broken down of synthesized Active site- place when substrate attaches to enzyme ( lock and key) Most enzymes end in -ase

26. Hydrolysis- uses water to break down polymers into monomers

27. Dehydration Synthesis- makes polymers by taking water out monomers. This allows monomers to bond (anabolism)