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HERD Tracker Layout and Photon performance Studies

This study investigates the layout and performance of the HERD (High Energy cosmic-Radiation Detection) tracker, including the proposed integration of a PANGU-like tracker to improve sub-GeV photon performance. The study also explores the use of a Silicon-Tungsten tracker and other design improvements to enhance photon and tracking capabilities.

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HERD Tracker Layout and Photon performance Studies

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  1. HERD Tracker Layoutand Photon performance Studies Xin Wu University of Geneva 3rd HERD Workshop 19-20 January, 2016, Xi’an

  2. Evolution of the HERD Layout • 1st HERD workshop in October 2012 • Si-PIN + 4 X0 Shower Tracker (W + fibers) + ECAL + 3D HCAL • Proposed to replace shower tracker with Silicon-Tungsten Tracker (STK) to improve photon and tracking performance • 5 converter layers, thickness 3x1 mm + 2x2 mm = 2 X0 • 2nd HERD workshop in December 2013 • Proposed to reduce W plate thickness to improve PSF for GeV and below photon • 3rd HERD workshop in January 2016 • Propose to add a PANGU-like tracker to the top for best sub-GeV PSF • High energy part remains, 5-sides, DAMPE-like, with W converters • 4 layers W of 1 mm thick (1.14 X0) to reach comparable PSF with Fermi in 1 -100 GeV range • Low energy part, PANGU-like, no W converters • 40 layers of 320 µ thick silicon (0.14 X0) • Improve PSF by x6-x3 better for 100 MeV – 10 GeV 100 MeV HERD Workshop, Beijing, 19-20/1/2016

  3. October 2012 HERD conceptual detector design • Shower Tracker • W: 10x3.5mm + 2x17.5mm + 2x35mm (4X0 = 1.6l) • Scin. Fibers: 14 X-Y double layers, 1x1mm2, 1m long • Charge detector: Si-PIN (1cm×1cm×500mm) • Top: 2x(1mx1m), 4 Sides: 2x(1mx40cm) • Nucleon Tracker with Scin. Fibers • ECAL: 16X0 = 0.7l • PWO bar: 2.5x2.5x70cm3 • 6 layers alternate in X-Y PWO W+ CsI(Na) + Fiber + ICCD • HCAL: 30 layers of W plates + CsI cells • W: 30x3.5mm, 3X0 = 1.2 l • CsI cell:2.5x2.5cm2x0.2cm • Neutron detector: B-doped plastic scintillator with delayed signals Geneva proposes to replace the scintillating fiber shower tracker with a Silicon tracker-converter to improve g and tracking performance

  4. December 2013 Baseline design of HERD

  5. HERD Design：3D Calo & 5-Side Sensitive n10Xacceptancethan others,but weight 2.3T~1/3AMS STK(W+SSD) Charge gamma-raydirection CRbackscatter 3DCALO e/G/CRenergy e/pdiscrimination STK(W+SSD) • S-N Zhang, May 2015

  6. Characteristicsofallcomponents • S-N Zhang, May 2015

  7. Now to wrap a beautiful gift … HERD Workshop, Beijing, 19-20/1/2016

  8. Now add PANGU to HERD … Silicon Tracker (“PANGU”) Anti-Coincidence Detector • First try to fit the envelop: 1510×1480×1580 (overall) and 880×834×729 (calorimeter) • Very challenging to fit services for a 5-sides outward sensitive detector • Simple approach first: 5 identical sides (“DAMPE”) + a light top (“PANGU”) Silicon-Tungsten Tracker Calorimeter HERD Workshop, Beijing, 19-20/1/2016

  9. “Economical” Layout • High energy (STK): use DAMPE SSD (320 µm, 95×95, 121 µm pitch) • Long ladder: 7 SSD (~67 cm), readout electronics on one side to save space • Higher noise ⟹ all strips readout, no floating strips (uniform S/N) • 7 double-layers of 320 µm Si, 4 with 1 mm W, ~1.14X0 (~Fermi), • Support tray thickness ~25(W)/20(no W), total height ~20 cm To be demonstrated! • “PANGU”: 20 double-layers of SSD, no W (total 0.14X0) • Default same SSD as STK (alternative 150 µm) • New support structure, as transparent as possible • Total height ~ 30 cm • ACD: ~6 mm thick, segmented, SiPM readout • Alternative technology: scintillating fiber tracker with SiPM (for the STK part) • Advantage: flexible geometry, no wire bonds, less fragile • Disadvantages: low TRL, dark current noise, energy resolution(?) HERD Workshop, Beijing, 19-20/1/2016

  10. HERD Tracker Layout HE (“DAMPE”) 7 4 26.5 TRAY W • More robust tacking with 3 X/Y hits after the last W layer • First X/Y hit serve as link to the low energy part on top 6 1 4 29 TRAY W 5 25 29 4 TRAY W 4 208 29 4 TRAY W 3 26.5 4 2 20 4 24 1 4 24 0 66 cm (active Si) W Si X-view Si Y-view HERD Workshop, Beijing, 19-20/1/2016

  11. HERD Tracker Layout LE (“PANGU”) 28 3 13 27 • New light support structure 3 …… 4 270 11 13 3 10 10 3 13 9 3 13 8 66 cm (active Si) Si X-view Si Y-view HERD Workshop, Beijing, 19-20/1/2016

  12. Some very rough estimates … • Silicon • STK: 7x7x2x5 = 490 ladders, 3430 SSD, ~31 m2 • “PANGU”: 7x20x2 = 280 ladders, 1960 SSD, , ~18 m2 • Weight • Tungsten: 7x7x4x5 = 980 plates (same size as SSD), 8844.5 cm3, 170 kg • 50 kg support for each STK + 8 kg each ACD • 20 kg total for “PANGU” • Total : 170 + 58x5 + 20 = 480 kg + 25% margin = ~600 kg • Readout channels and power consumption • STK: 768x490 = 376320 channels, assume 1 mW/cha (DAMPE)⟹ 376 W • Can be reduced by going to 0.18µm ASICs (VA) • PANGU: 768x280 = 215040 channels, assume 0.3 mW/cha (TAA1) ⟹ 65 W • First 6 layers should use VA instead for charge measurement : +15 W • Trigger and readout: 20 W (PANGU) • ACD: 10 W • Total: 376 + 80 + 15 = 471 W + 25% margin = ~600 W HERD Workshop, Beijing, 19-20/1/2016

  13. Need larger top STK to increase coverage (8x8 or 10x10 SSD? ) Some numbers of dimension It would be useful to know if the CSS is blocking some angular ranges

  14. Need larger side STK to increase coverage (8 SSD ladder?)

  15. Available Space before mounting the ACD • How to increase angular coverage? • Obvious choice: increase the size of the top STK by 3 SSD (PANGU part unchanged) • 5-SSD ladders, number of ladders 98 ⟹ 280 • Add 182 ladders, 140k channels, 140 kW • Recover ~4x5° coverage • Routing of the electronics would be complicated • Additional: make 2 of the side STK larger • 5-SSD ladders on x, 7-SSD ladders on y • Add 182 ladders, 140k channels, 140 kW • Recover ~4x5° coverage • Very difficult to route the electronics Intermediate solution: DAMPE 4-SSD ladders with charge sharing, 8x8 SSD/layer For large size tracker, scintillating fiber has a big advantage in cost and power (but charge measurement could be a problem!)

  16. Performance Studies • Detector simulation with Geant4-10.1.2 • Only top tracker (“DAMPE” part and “PANGU” part) and calorimeter are simulated • ACD not implemented • Tracker uses the DAMPE SSD geometry, including guard ring, inter-SSD distance, etc. • A ladder is made of 7 SSD • Readout pitch is 121 µm, no floating strip charge sharing, analog readout • Tracker layers placed as described in page 8 and 9 • Only silicon and tungsten are implemented, support structure material ignored • Calorimeter implemented as BGO bars • Only the total amount of energy deposited in calorimeter is used in the analysis • Distance between sensitive surfaces of calorimeter and track is 5 cm • Also simulated 12 cm for comparison HERD Workshop, Beijing, 19-20/1/2016

  17. Event generation and detection • Photons generated from a flat surface with 3 angular ranges • Normal incidence: cosq > 0.975 (q<12.84°) • q= 30° • q= 50° • Filtering: only interacting events are selected • Further selection • Photon converted in the tracker • Both electron and positron have at least 6 matching silicon clusters • Both electron and positron tracks are found by the Kalman filter with perfect pattern recognition (only matched clusters are fed to the filter) • At least 70% of the photon energy is deposited in the detector (tracker + calorimeter) • Effective area and Point Spread Function are compared • Two different method of photon direction reconstruction • Leading track • Vector sum of electron and positron tracks weighted by Gaussian smeared energy (30%) HERD Workshop, Beijing, 19-20/1/2016

  18. Pair Opening Angle gamma ray • Leading track gives a as good PSF as the energy weighted measurement above a few GeV electron positron HERD Workshop, Beijing, 19-20/1/2016

  19. PSF: Converted in DAMPE • ~ 0.15° @ 10 GeV, ~0.8° @ 1 GeV, ~7° @ 100 MeV • Fermi: ~ 0.15° @ 10 GeV, 0.7° @ 1 GeV, 5° @ 100 MeV PSF Comparable to Fermi!

  20. PSF: Converted in PANGU • PSF improves x3, x4, x6 at low 10 GeV, 1 GeV, 100 MeV • ~ 0.05° @ 10 GeV, ~0.2° @ 1 GeV, ~1° @ 100 MeV

  21. PSF: Converted in PANGU • Measure the energy of each track to ~30% improves PSF at low energy by 20% • Using 150 µm SSD improves the PSF by 25% at low energy (but ~½ of Eff. Area) HERD Workshop, Beijing, 19-20/1/2016

  22. Effective Area for different selections Good for diff. or trans. • At normal incidence, above 10 GeV, energy dependence is weak • Sharp decline below 1 GeV (larger opening angle and energy absorbed by W) • Some acceptance probably can be recovered with reduced PSF “PANGU” ≈ 1/6 “DAMPE

  23. Effective Area, linear scale Comparable to Fermi if x4 (+ 4 sides) • 70% containment > 10 GeV: ~1900 cm2 for “DAMPE”, ~300 cm2 for “PANGU” • > 1 GeV: ~1900 cm2 for “DAMPE”, ~300 cm2 for “PANGU” • > 400 MeV: “PANGU” is similar to ESA-CAS PANGU of same SSD thickness Fermi: 8000, 7000, 2400 cm2 for 10 GeV, 1 GeV, 100 MeV

  24. Off-axis Effective Area, converted in “DAMPE” • Effective area decreases with incident angle because of the calorimeter is smaller • 100 GeV: 1900 cm2 on-axis, 1400 cm2 at 45° HERD Workshop, Beijing, 19-20/1/2016

  25. Off-axis Effective Area, converted in “PANGU” • Even bigger drop for “PANGU” HERD Workshop, Beijing, 19-20/1/2016

  26. Off-axis PSF: Converted in DAMPE • Small angle dependence > 10 GeV, larger (~25%) at lower energy • 1 GeV: 0.8° on-axis, 0.9° at 30°, 1.0° at 45° • 100 MeV: 6.8° on-axis, 7.4° at 30°, 8.2° at 45°

  27. Off-axis PSF: Converted in PANGU • Less sensitive (+16% at 45°) to angles than DAMPE because of less material • 1 GeV: 0.18° on-axis, 0.19° at 30°, 0.21° at 45° • 100 MeV: 1.12° on-axis, 1.17° at 30°, 1.30° at 45°

  28. Effective Area vs. Calo-STK distance, DAMPE • Loss of Effective Area if Calo-STK distance is large, in particular at large angle • Up to ~17% at 45° HERD Workshop, Beijing, 19-20/1/2016

  29. Effective Area vs. Calo-STK distance, PANGU • Situation is worse for PANGU • Up to ~28% at 45° Should try to reduce as much as possible the distance calo-STK! HERD Workshop, Beijing, 19-20/1/2016

  30. Conclusions • We have implemented a layout of HERD into CAD including a low energy part (“PANGU”) on the top to check the envelops • Very challenging to cover all solid angles • “Economical” solution with 7-SDD ladders, same STK on all five sides • Propose use 4x 1mm tungsten plates to have a PSF comparable to Fermi • Effective Area is also comparable with the “economical” layout • The PANGU part has similar performance as the ESA-CAS PANGU above 400 MeV • Very limited sensitivity below 200 MeV because of large opening angle • Hard question: What is the optimal balance between PSF and Effective Area, for both high and low energy, from the science point of view? • DM search vs. g-ray astronomy? • Probably should not optimized too much for “PANGU” given that HERD cannot point, and has small FOV? • Would be very useful to simulate the sky coverage of HERD on CSS Long ladder noise performance to be demonstrated! HERD Workshop, Beijing, 19-20/1/2016

  31. THANK YOU!

  32. Effective Area vs. W thickness, DAMPE • Loss of Effective Area at high energy because of conversion probability • Up to ~40% at 100 GeV HERD Workshop, Beijing, 19-20/1/2016

  33. Effective Area vs. W thickness, PANGU • Better Effective Area below 1 GeV at low energy with 0.5 mm, ~x2 at 100 MeV! • Because less energy loss in W so more passed the energy containment cut HERD Workshop, Beijing, 19-20/1/2016

  34. PSF vs. W thickness, DAMPE • 30-40% improvement of PSF between 100 MeV and 50 MeV HERD Workshop, Beijing, 19-20/1/2016

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