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Historical Review and Modalities in Diagnostics

Explore the history of X-rays, advancements in imaging modalities, and the importance of radiation exposure in diagnostic radiology. Learn about projection radiography, mammography, fluoroscopy, and more. Understand the principles of quality assurance and dose reduction. Discover the significance of beam and image quality in radiological examinations.

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Historical Review and Modalities in Diagnostics

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  1. Historical Review and Modalities in Diagnostics Daniel Bödeker

  2. History of X-rays Pfahler & MillsFirst image of cranial tumor Jaffrey et al.IGRT with beam-stop W.C. Roentgendiscovered x-rays 1896 1972 2006 Functional imagingcombined with treatment 1895 1902 1999 John McIntrierFirst cinematographie G. Hounsfielddevelopment of CT Dawson & SharpeTreatment on-line adjustment

  3. Modalities Overview • Projection radiography • Radiography • Mammography • Fluoroscopy • Fluosrcopy • Angiography • Sectional/ volumeimaging • ComputedTomography • Digital Volume Tomography • Tomosynthesis

  4. Projection radiography Radiography • One image only z.B. Thorax, Lung, • 70 – 110 kV

  5. Projection radiography Mammography • Breast Image • Tube voltage 22 – 45 kV

  6. Fluoroscopy • Series orCine-modei.e. movingeffectsorvessels • 40 – 90 kV

  7. Sectional/ volume imaging ComputedTomography • 3 D images • Tube voltage 90 - 160 kV

  8. Sectional/ volume imaging Volume Tomography • 3D Image (ConeBeam CT) • 40 – 120 kV

  9. Sectional/ volume imaging Tomosynthesis • ProjectionradiographysystemSeries of 2D Images from different angles • kV same as in ProjectionRadiography

  10. Why we do, what we are doing? Why we do all these tests? An important goal of radiology is … to produce images that provide adequate diagnostic information,… … while keeping radiation exposureto the patient“As Low As Reasonably Achievable" (ALARA) (Cember, 1976).

  11. Why we do, what we are doing? Why we do all these tests The Riskof X-ray examinations CT CoronaryAngiography

  12. Challenges • Howtokeepthe ALARA - pricipal • Whatabout Quality Assurance?

  13. Dose reduction from system in projectionradiography X-raytube Object Grid AEC Chamber Image detector 1 2 3 4 5

  14. What does Quality Assurance mean? Radiology Dose(Beam Quality) + Image Quality

  15. Image Quality Projectionraduiongraphy / Fluoroscopy • Light field / beam field • Spatial resolution • Dynamic range • Low contrast • Distortion

  16. Image Quality ComputedTomography • Spatial resolution • Dynamic range • Low contrast • Distortion

  17. Beam Quality • The Beam Quality canbespecifiedby • Dose [Gy] • KineticEnergyreleased per unitmass • Entrance dose [Ke] • kV/ keV [kV / PPV] • Maximum electronenergy • Half Value Layer (HVL) [mm Al] • ThicknessofAluminumneededto half the dose

  18. Dose measurement devices Solid statedetector vs. Ionizationchamber Sinceyearsphysicistarediscussing, iftheionozationchamberorthe solid statedetectorisbetter… …I will not have an answerforthisquestion. Ionization chamber is more accurate Solid state detectoris more robust Solid state detectoris more handier Ionzation chamberare longer stable Solid state detectordoes not need high voltage

  19. Dose detector Solid State detecor

  20. MagicMaX XR- Detector In Radiography / Fluoroscopy The Multidetector XR is auto corrected… Measurin values: kVp, PPV , HVL, Dose, Dose Rate, Dose per Pulse and Exposure Time kV / HVL / Total Filtration Dose / Dose rate / Time

  21. HVL / kV measurement principle • Weareusing 3 detectorswithknownattenuation. • Withthecalibrationwearefindingtheratiodependencyofthedetectorsas a funcionofthekeV

  22. MagicMaX in General General spec. Time2 ms – 300 s Time resolution0.1 ms (Sampling rate: 10kHz) High Voltage50V – 400 V Size145 mm x 90 mm x 35 mm(5.7” x 3.5” x 1.4”)

  23. Havefun in thepracticalpart ;-)

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