Gunpowder Empires, land-based

1. Gunpowder Empires, land-based • Ottoman Empire 1299-1923 • Safavid Empire 1501-1722 • Mughal Empire 1524-1857 • Qing Dynasty 1644-1912 • Tokugawa Japan 1333-1868

2. From 1300 to 1700, three “gunpowder empires” dominated parts of Europe, Africa, & Asia The Safavid Empire The Mughal Empire The Ottoman Empire

3. Ottoman Empire • Muslim Turks of Anatolia unified under Osman 1 in 1300. • Ottoman forces conquered Constantinople in 1453 ce • By the late 1600s the empire expanded across the Middle East, North Africa, and Eastern Europe. • Golden Age under Suleiman the Magnificent.

4. Ottoman Empire • Devshirme: Blood tax where the Ottomans would kidnap or take Christian boys and raise them as able soldiers or government bureaucrats called Janissaries, slave class. • Not allowed to have children. • Elite military force and government force allowed the empire to keep its land holdings for centuries.

5. Ottoman Empire • Millet system: Christians and Jews lived in their own autonomous communities as long as they paid a tax called the jizya. • Ottomans were Sunni Muslims and were not focused on converting peoples. • Turk culture blended with conquered peoples who were treated well.

6. Decline of Ottoman Empire • Incapable leaders fearful of losing power, often killed better heirs. • Oppressive policies & taxation peasant discontent and rebellion • Janissaries revolt and take more power. • Economic decline - illegal trade, inflation • Naval power defeated in Spain and Italy (Battle of Lepanto - 1571) • Dissolved with the creation of the nation of Turkey in 1923, after World War I

7. Identify and Explain ONE way in which the Ottoman Empire suppressed the minority religion of the area. • Write this in SAQ Style – you have 5 minutes.

8. SAFAVID EMPIRE (1501-1722) • Ismai’il Saf al-Din took Iran and created an empire based on Shiite Islam. • Rulers known as Shahs (Persian for ‘King) • No religious freedom; convert to Shi’a Islam or die. • Shiites kills Sunnis in Safavid Empire • Sunnis kill Shiites in Ottoman Empire

9. Golden Age of Shah Abbas: 1587 • Cultural blending w/Ottoman, Persian & Arab worlds and architecture • Chinese artisans arrive and help build up capital of Isfahan. • Persian carpets best product. • Military reforms (Persian & Christian armies created) • Modern weaponry • Punished corruption, emphasized loyalty

10. Safavid Decline and Fall • Shahs had family members killed to keep others from claiming power. • Tribal armies from Afghanistan took over eastern territory. • Ottomans began taking western territory. • Safavids died politically, but never culturally - left behind a strong Persian cultural legacy

11. Identify and explain ONE way in which the Safavid empire differed from the Ottoman Empire. • SAQ Style – 5 minutes

12. Mughal Empire • Mixed Turk and Mongol peoples arrive in India with Tamerlane. • Babur the Tiger founds empire in 1526. • Muslim minority tries to govern a Hindu majority. • Brought unity to India for first time since Gupta Empire fell.

13. Akbar • Greatest leader: Akbar (1556-1605) • Ended the jizya tax on Hindus • Created a fair tax system • Complex government bureaucracy with diversity among officers. • Created a new religion called the Divine Faith (Din-i-ilahi), a syncretic faith combining Islam, Hinduism, Christianity, and Zoroastrianism. • Blending of Hindu, Turkish, Persian, and Muslim styles and customs.

14. Women and Mughals • Women held in high regard by Mughal leaders. • Given elaborate and rich tombs and décor. • Mughal ruler SharJahan had the TajMahal built as a memorial for his beloved wife. • Blended styles , architecture, and riches from Persia, India and the Turks.

15. Aurangzeb • Aurangzeb (1658-1707) reversed policies of Akbar. • Forced conversion of Hindus to Islam • Brought back the Jizya tax • Removed Hindus from government roles • Attacked and destroyed Hindu temples. • Constant wars drained empire’s treasury.

16. Decline and Fall • Local lords take power over time. • Rebellions begin as taxes increase. • Famine causes peasant revolts. • No strong ruler after Aurangzeb • Trade with Europeans opened Mughals to British influence and eventual colonization in 1858.

17. Identify and explain one effect of Akbar's policies in the Mughal Empire. • SAQ – 5 min.

18. Ming Dynasty (1368-1644) to Qing Dynasty • Climate change – poor harvests, famine from Little Ice Age. • Uprisings by Li Zicheng and Zhang Xianzhong end Ming control. • China absorbed most of world’s silver from trade- high inflation. • Heavy taxation • Economic depression • Manchus help Ming defeat Japanese in Korea, Manchus take peninsula and then invade weakened China.

20. Qing Dynasty China Emperor Qianlong Ruled 1736-1796 • Manchus could present themselves as Confucian rulers • Ming had been very corrupt • Manchus were accepted by the Chinese people as legitimate rulers. • Literary Inquisition • 2,000 anti-Manchu titles destroyed and many scholars punished • China restricted trade with Europeans who then ignored demands.

21. Qing Dynasty Decline • Empire too large to control • Population explosion (no epidemics, internal peace and food from America) • Grand Canal silts up, deforestation • Corrupt Merit System • Opium Wars make China a puppet for European interests. • Taiping Rebellion weakened central government. • Sino-Japanese War ends China’s influence in Asia, shifts to Japan.

22. What could have happened! • China could have become a great colonial power and could have led the world economically BUT • Europe had advantages • New World resources • Excess population → Americas • Joint stock companies • State backing of trading companies • Competition between nations drove economic success

23. Something a bit different...still SAQ • Identify and explain one way in which 1644 was a turning point in Chinese history. • You have 5 minutes.

25. Tokugawa Japan • Tokugawa Ieyasu (1543-1616) took control over the daimyo and set up a Shogunate to run a unified Japan in 1603. • Expelled Christians and had many murdered. • Was popular among the elite. • Threatened power of Shogun • Neo-Confucianism flourishes in Japan. • Japan isolated itself from the world and did not trade with Europeans.

26. Tokugawa Japan • Privately owned guns banned. • Merchant class became rich. • Art and literature flourished in Japan. • Kabuki acting became popular. • Haiku poetry • Education among farmers and merchants began with a focus on Japanese national traditions. • Rice was key: could be used as currency and used to pay Daimyo and samurai, also brewed for Sake.

27. Japan SAQ • Identify and explain ONE change that occurred under the Tokugawa from the previous time period.

28. Culture- “Floating Worlds” • Into this Ukiyo, the “floating world,” any man from any class who had the money and was willing to spend it could go. • There he could find release from the restrictions, the duties, and the drabness of medieval society. • Here, geisha, who might be prostitutes, but were also accomplished actresses, musicians, and conversationalists, held court nightly.

29. Safavid Art- Ornate Persian Rugs

30. Mughal Empire- Syncretic Art, Persian MiniaturesPersian miniatures had Hindu and Buddhist influences Thirst in night Love on a Boat at Night A Royal Mughal Court

31. Mughal Syncretic Architecture

32. Qing Art – the Four Wangs! Imitation of Ming style was encouraged. Large-scale landscapes, flower-and-bird compositions, and figural narratives were particularly favored as images that would glorify the new dynasty

33. Japanese Art- Ukiyo-e • Ukiyo-e "pictures of the floating world", is a genre of Japanese woodblock prints • featuring motifs of landscapes, tales from history, the theatre and pleasure quarters.

34. ART SAQ Identify and explain ONE way in which the Gunpowder Empires used art politically.